Dutch Foreign Fighters and Regimes of Surveillance
Since it has become known that European Muslims are fighting in Syria against Assad (and probably against each other as well) it appears that the focus of counter-radicalization has narrowed. In the past this policy mainly targeted Salafi Muslims. This counter-radicalization policy is embedded within a wider public debate about Muslims, Islam, integration and radicalization. Moreover, the public debates on Islam and the counter-radicalization policies are carriers and producers of symbolic references as to why Muslims are a problem (for example, problems with street youth, violence, intolerance, ‘fanatical’ religion). These references are often regarded as the cause of current and anticipated risks to society which, in turn, constitute the legitimatizations and rationalizations for intervention and transformation. Taken together we can regard the public debates on Islam, the policies regarding Muslims, integration and security politics (often leading to more debate and policies) as a surveillance of the everyday lives of Muslims.
Through websites and social media, a number of particular specialists take part in this. But lay people join in too and are encouraged to enact the accepted and expected models of the Dutch secular liberal citizen. The debates about (radical) Islam and the counter-radicalization policies have influenced Muslims’ lives severely. In the Netherlands, several studies have explored how particular debates on Islam trickle down into the daily lives of people in a variety of ways ranging from people’s experiences in schools, workplaces and, of course, their media-consumption at different levels in society.
From the start of 2013 onwards, the counter-radicalization efforts appear to concentrate on a smaller group: those Muslims who may have plans to travel to Syria, the families of those who are already there and those who have returned. In the Netherlands several cities stand out as many of the fighters were born and raised in a few cities: Den Haag, Delft, Utrecht and Arnhem. In the beginning of this week the National Coordinator for Counter-terrorism and security (NCTV) announced that the threat level assessing the possibilities of a terrorist attack remains ‘substantial’ (the continuum ranges from minimal, to limitied to substantial to critical). Last year the NCTV stated:
Current threat level | National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism
The present threat assessment is still mainly determined by the involvement of foreign combatants in the Syrian conflict. There are also worrying indications of growing radicalisation among small groups of young Muslims in the Netherlands. Developments in some countries in the Middle East and jihadist conflict zones have also had a negative impact on the present threat assessment. Since the risks have not diminished, not only is this heightened approach justified, but further action would seem to be warranted.
Dutch nationals are still travelling to Syria with jihadist intentions. In August, the number of people leaving the Netherlands for Syria was again higher than in preceding months. At this point, just under 100 such individuals have made the journey, a growing number of whom are thought to be fighting under the flag of Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), an al Qa’ida (AQ) ally that seeks to wage violent global jihad. Their possible return could affect the threat to Europe and the Netherlands in particular. It is also important to bear in mind that returnees from other EU countries could carry out terrorist activities in the Netherlands, either on their own initiative or on the instructions of other parties.
During the period under review, Dutch jihadists with combat experience began returning to the Netherlands from Syria for the first time. They are now being monitored closely.
In its recent press release the NCTV gives a broad overview of their assessment of the current situation, potential threats and measures that are taken:
concrete situation & measures:
- There are about 100 Dutch ‘travellers’: 70 are still in Syria and more than 20 have returned.
- Some have fighting experiences, others not.
- The state has revoked the passports of at least 11 persons who are seen as potential foreign fighters. A passport can be revoked when there are serious suspicions that a person will be engaging in activities abroad that might pose a threat tot he Netherlands, such as joining an Al Qaeda affiliated group.
- There are several investigations against recruiters.
- Several minors have been stopped when they wanted to travel to Syria. They are now under supervision of youth care and/or send to a closed residential youth care; a measure usually taken in cases of youth with severe behavioural problems.
- In October 2013 two people suspected of travelling to Syria appeared in court. One is sentenced for attempted murder (but send to a psychiatric institution because of mental instability) and the second is convicted for preparing an arson attack and disseminating inflammatory texts.
- The government has proposed a law that revokes Dutch citizenship in case of terrorist activities. The draft law is now under consultation.
- The government has invoked ‘sanctieregeling terrorisme 2007-II’ in four cases and frozen the financial assets of these persons.
- There is a local municipal approach aimed at intervening in specific cases and in which public servants, local police officers and community workers are trained to detect signs of radicalization and to intervene when necessary. This approach is still work in progress.
- All welfare benefits for known Syria travellers have been stopped.
Cooperation
- On 19 and 20 February a meeting was held in The Hague of the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF) about foreign fighters.
- Turkey and the Netherlands have agreed to cooperate in countering the threat resulting from travelling back and forth to Syria. A Memorandum of Understanding will be signed in 2014.
Radicalization in the Netherlands
The NCTV expresses it concern that the events in Syria and the activities of (returned) foreign fighters stimulates radicalization of Muslims in the Netherlands:
- The NCTV expresses its concern over online and offline public manifestations of ‘jihadism’ in the Netherlands. In particular the expressions of public support and loyalty to ISIL and Jabhat al Nusra are cause for concern according to the NCTV. They see the ‘fanatic’ expressions of a anti-Western and violent ideology as inflammatory and fear it might lead to justifying violence against Western targets. This public manifestation also is evident, according to the NCTV, in the intimidation of Muslim clerics and opinion leaders who express their opposition to ‘jihad travels’ and the violent message of Al Qaeda. The NCTV fears this development might hinder the potential resistance among Muslim communities against extremism and violence.
- Because of the animosity between Syrian rebels the NCTV fears that there will be more returnees in the coming months.
- The NCTV signals an empowerment of radical forces in several Muslim countries due to the conflict in Syria as well as an increase in ‘jihadist inspired’ violence.
- The NCTV and General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) are working on a joint paper on tendencies of radicalization in the Netherlands.
- The government will send a letter about fundamentalism to the Dutch parliament. This letter is an answer to debates about the research of Koopmans. Read my review HERE.
- The NCTV alerts internet access providers and webhosts to extremist messages and urges them to ‘take responsibility’ and to take down these messages according to their own terms of use. The web radio station Radio Ghurabaa was one of the first to experience this measure from the NCTV. Their webhost has denied the request and Radio Ghurabaa and NCTV are now discussing the possibilities to have a meeting on the issue.
- The NCTV sees the current radicalization as a potential threat to the integration in the sense that has a segregating and polarizing effect on society and undermines people’s attachment to democratic core values. Minister Asscher of Social Affairs has therefore prioritized stimulating the potential resistance among individuals and groups who are prone to ‘jihadist messages’.
Some of my observations (but by no means all…)
- The NCTV alerts internet access providers and webhosts to extremist messages and urges them to ‘take responsibility’ and to take down these messages according to their own terms of use. The web radio station Radio Ghurabaa was one of the first to experience this measure from the NCTV. Their webhost has denied the request and Radio Ghurabaa and NCTV are now discussing the possibilities to have a meeting on the issue. Furthermore, several mosques have refused speakers who are regarded as ‘jihadist’ the possibility to deliver a lecture claiming to be warned by Dutch authorities.
- There appears to be an increased surveillance of people who are seen as potential foreign fighters. This has not prevented people from actually going to Syria.
- However, those who are actually under surveillance, who are associated with sympathizing (or engaging in) armed struggle are very aware of the fact that they are under counter-terrorism surveillance, an experience which they find much more intrusive than anything in the Netherlands.
- It is in particular the involvement of youth care in the case of minors that troubles many of those under surveillance as they fear their children will be taken away from them.
- By others the involvement of youth care is met with great scepticism since youth care will become a priority of the municipalities and they think the municipality will not be equipped to deal with youth care and youth care will not be able to deal with radicalization at all (this should also be seen against the background of a general distrust towards youth care).
- The involvement of Islamic organizations in either counter-radicalization or in stimulating Muslims to go to Syria appears to be limited. A few mosques have organized meetings on the issue for parents but in general they appear to be largely irrelevant at the moment. There are attempts by mosque organizations to become more involved in national and local policies but it remains to be seen if this really matters since the targeted groups of Muslims usually do not visit the mainstream mosques (except for prayer occasionally).
The issue of foreign fighters is framed within a nexus of security, (pathological) radicalization and integration. It remains to be seen if the narrow focus nowadays will prevent stigmatization of Muslim communities in general. I’m not so sure if there is indeed a threat to resistance against radicalization; in fact more Muslim spokespersons have appeared on TV expressing their disapproval of Muslims going to Syria than before. The public manifestations of foreign fighters on social media for example and their supporters, all labelled as ‘radical’ Muslims, also seems to create a platform for those Muslims who want to speak out against jihad in Syria and who are, therefore, labelled as ‘moderate’, ‘liberal’ or ‘free-thinking’ Muslims and/or who label themselves as such).
You can find the NCTV documents here: