There are many different approaches for research on Salafism and they all make clear that, although Salafism has some distinguishing features, the movement is quite diverse with many doctrinary contradictions and clashes and different politico-theological tendencies. It is therefore difficult to define Salafism in a clear, consistent way. Most definitions of Salafism focus on ideological differences or view them in a security perspective. Although helpful it does not take into account identity, gender or the idea that security and radicalization are themselves cultural constructions with specific local, national and transnational dimensions. They also take up the official doctrines, methods and identities of spokespersons and religious authorities but ignore the perspectives, ideas and practices of participants in the movements. In this entry I explore the Salafi movement in a more anthropological way focusing on the processes of meaning-making within the perspective of utopian movements.
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‘Why did you become anti-Islamic and what is your message to Muslims? These questions were asked by Muslimsdebate.com to the Dutch politician Geert Wilders. In his reply, Mr Wilders de-scribes Islam as fatalist, tyrannical, violent and irrational and as such as the cause of the lack of de-mocracy and development in the Muslim World. Only by liberating themselves from their religion, he says, Muslims will be able to develop their real potential. Guest author Michel Hoebink responds by arguing that Wilders’ argument is a perfect sample of 19th century ‘orientalist’ rhetoric.