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Posted on July 10th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, islamophobia.
In 2011 the French government decided to ban the wearing of face veils in public. Several other countries implemented a similar ban. In February 2013 the Spanish Supreme Court cancelled a city law banning the wearing of burqas. In July 2011 Belgium followed the French example. Last week, the European Court of Human Rights has upheld France’s law banning face-covering veils in public, in a case brought by a woman who said that her freedom of religion was violated by the ban. The court’s Grand Chamber rejected the arguments of the woman who does not wear the face veil at all times but when she does so, she wants to be at peace her faith, her culture and convictions.
The legal point brought forward by the woman’s solicitors was that the state was not to question her beliefs and practices which the Court accepted. The court also recognized that the ban was a strong interference of the rights of the applicant and in particular also the disproportionate impact of the law on Muslim women.
The reason to uphold the ban however mainly pertains to the ‘the ground rules of social communication and more broadly the requirements of “living together”’ rule:
As to the “protection of the rights and freedoms of others”, the Government referred to the need to ensure “respect for the minimum set of values of an open democratic society”, listing three values in that connection: respect for gender equality, respect for human dignity and respect for the minimum requirements of life in society (or of “living together”). While dismissing the arguments relating to the first two of those values, the Court accepted that the barrier raised against others by a veil concealing the face in public could undermine the notion of “living together”. In that connection, it indicated that it took into account the State’s submission that the face played a significant role in social interaction. The Court was also able to understand the view that individuals might not wish to see, in places open to all, practices or attitudes which would fundamentally call into question the possibility of open interpersonal relationships, which, by virtue of an established consensus, formed an indispensable element of community life within the society in question. The Court was therefore able to accept that the barrier raised against others by a veil concealing the face was perceived by the respondent State as breaching the right of others to live in a space of socialisation which made living together easier. It added, however, that in view of the flexibility of the notion of “living together” and the resulting risk of abuse, it had to engage in a careful examination of the necessity of the measure at issue.
And:
Furthermore … by prohibiting everyone from wearing clothing designed to conceal the face in public places, the respondent State has to a certain extent restricted the reach of pluralism. … However, for their part, the Government indicated that it was a question of responding to a practice that the State deemed incompatible … with the ground rules of social communication and more broadly the requirements of “living together.” From that perspective, the respondent State is seeking to protect a principle of interaction between individuals, which in its view is essential for the expression not only of pluralism, but also of tolerance and broadmindedness without which there is no democratic society. It can thus be said that the question whether or not it should be permitted to wear the full-face veil in public places constitutes a choice of society.
Two judges dissented, stating that “the criminalisation of the wearing of a full-face veil is a measure which is disproportionate to the aim of protecting the idea of ‘living together.” The rule of ‘living together’ was already used by the Belgian Constitutional Court in a different case to justify the ban in Belgium but also previously in the Netherlands. This of course is very remarkable. Because what does this living together rule mean? Who has to live together with whom? Who is the norm and who should adjust? It appears that in this case the minority has to adjust to the majority (or more precise, an idealized vision of that majority). Why and when is ‘living together’ more important than individual liberal rights and freedoms?
Furthermore, as my colleagues AM and JMB pointed out this week there is this idea that seeing one’s face is necessary for communication. This of course is not necessarily so since communicating through phone and chat works quite well without seeing each other as everyone will have experienced. It is the idea that by looking at ones face we can see what a person ‘really’ thinks and that a face shows a person’s inner convictions. Furthermore the ban on the face veil should also be seen in the wider context of securitization; a process that not only pertains to Muslims but to everyone in society and in which everyone’s presence is a potential danger. In order to be able to surveil people it is necessary that people’s faces are visible for identification in public. In a political sense the ‘living together’ argument I think is a compelling one for many people because it has the aura of being self evident: of course we have to live together. But the way it is used here blinds us from the politics that is involved.
By the 1990s a development has taken place which entailed migrants being primarily categorized by their culture and/or religion. Assuming idealized an idealized vision of what constitutes European values with regard to secular and sexual freedoms became the standard for integration: the so-called culturalization of citizenship. In the Netherlands, my alma mater the Free University developed regulations about shaking hands and dress in 2004. Like in the case of the European ruling discussed here it is argued that in order to ensure communication ‘as is common in our society and culture’ wearing a face veil and refusing to shake hands had to be banned as well as segregation of the sexes; ‘social forms of interaction will be practised as is common in our western culture’ according to the Free University at that time.
Therefore while the idea of living together appears to be self evident and neutral it is actually based on a homogenization of what Dutch or European culture is or should be according to the powers that be. Furthermore what also goes unquestioned is the idea that we should indeed live together. What does that actually mean? If people want to remain anonymous how does it threaten living together? And why should people not be allowed to isolate themselves from the rest of society?
This is not just the agenda of the far right, this is the agenda of mainstream political parties in Europe and perhaps one could even argue that the successful far right parties are partly the product of the culturalization and partly taking that line into its (completely logical) extreme. It is a particular idea of the ideal virtuous citizen, secular, emancipated, liberal, that is imposed on the whole of society as being the normal, acceptable and expected mode of citizenship. The living together rule therefore is not so much a desire for social cohesion and integration but a political project of homogenization and securitization through the criminalization of Muslim women’s attire.
Download here:
The Press Release:
The Ruling:
Posted on July 10th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, islamophobia.
In 2011 the French government decided to ban the wearing of face veils in public. Several other countries implemented a similar ban. In February 2013 the Spanish Supreme Court cancelled a city law banning the wearing of burqas. In July 2011 Belgium followed the French example. Last week, the European Court of Human Rights has upheld France’s law banning face-covering veils in public, in a case brought by a woman who said that her freedom of religion was violated by the ban. The court’s Grand Chamber rejected the arguments of the woman who does not wear the face veil at all times but when she does so, she wants to be at peace her faith, her culture and convictions.
The legal point brought forward by the woman’s solicitors was that the state was not to question her beliefs and practices which the Court accepted. The court also recognized that the ban was a strong interference of the rights of the applicant and in particular also the disproportionate impact of the law on Muslim women.
The reason to uphold the ban however mainly pertains to the ‘the ground rules of social communication and more broadly the requirements of “living together”’ rule:
As to the “protection of the rights and freedoms of others”, the Government referred to the need to ensure “respect for the minimum set of values of an open democratic society”, listing three values in that connection: respect for gender equality, respect for human dignity and respect for the minimum requirements of life in society (or of “living together”). While dismissing the arguments relating to the first two of those values, the Court accepted that the barrier raised against others by a veil concealing the face in public could undermine the notion of “living together”. In that connection, it indicated that it took into account the State’s submission that the face played a significant role in social interaction. The Court was also able to understand the view that individuals might not wish to see, in places open to all, practices or attitudes which would fundamentally call into question the possibility of open interpersonal relationships, which, by virtue of an established consensus, formed an indispensable element of community life within the society in question. The Court was therefore able to accept that the barrier raised against others by a veil concealing the face was perceived by the respondent State as breaching the right of others to live in a space of socialisation which made living together easier. It added, however, that in view of the flexibility of the notion of “living together” and the resulting risk of abuse, it had to engage in a careful examination of the necessity of the measure at issue.
And:
Furthermore … by prohibiting everyone from wearing clothing designed to conceal the face in public places, the respondent State has to a certain extent restricted the reach of pluralism. … However, for their part, the Government indicated that it was a question of responding to a practice that the State deemed incompatible … with the ground rules of social communication and more broadly the requirements of “living together.” From that perspective, the respondent State is seeking to protect a principle of interaction between individuals, which in its view is essential for the expression not only of pluralism, but also of tolerance and broadmindedness without which there is no democratic society. It can thus be said that the question whether or not it should be permitted to wear the full-face veil in public places constitutes a choice of society.
Two judges dissented, stating that “the criminalisation of the wearing of a full-face veil is a measure which is disproportionate to the aim of protecting the idea of ‘living together.” The rule of ‘living together’ was already used by the Belgian Constitutional Court in a different case to justify the ban in Belgium but also previously in the Netherlands. This of course is very remarkable. Because what does this living together rule mean? Who has to live together with whom? Who is the norm and who should adjust? It appears that in this case the minority has to adjust to the majority (or more precise, an idealized vision of that majority). Why and when is ‘living together’ more important than individual liberal rights and freedoms?
Furthermore, as my colleagues AM and JMB pointed out this week there is this idea that seeing one’s face is necessary for communication. This of course is not necessarily so since communicating through phone and chat works quite well without seeing each other as everyone will have experienced. It is the idea that by looking at ones face we can see what a person ‘really’ thinks and that a face shows a person’s inner convictions. Furthermore the ban on the face veil should also be seen in the wider context of securitization; a process that not only pertains to Muslims but to everyone in society and in which everyone’s presence is a potential danger. In order to be able to surveil people it is necessary that people’s faces are visible for identification in public. In a political sense the ‘living together’ argument I think is a compelling one for many people because it has the aura of being self evident: of course we have to live together. But the way it is used here blinds us from the politics that is involved.
By the 1990s a development has taken place which entailed migrants being primarily categorized by their culture and/or religion. Assuming idealized an idealized vision of what constitutes European values with regard to secular and sexual freedoms became the standard for integration: the so-called culturalization of citizenship. In the Netherlands, my alma mater the Free University developed regulations about shaking hands and dress in 2004. Like in the case of the European ruling discussed here it is argued that in order to ensure communication ‘as is common in our society and culture’ wearing a face veil and refusing to shake hands had to be banned as well as segregation of the sexes; ‘social forms of interaction will be practised as is common in our western culture’ according to the Free University at that time.
Therefore while the idea of living together appears to be self evident and neutral it is actually based on a homogenization of what Dutch or European culture is or should be according to the powers that be. Furthermore what also goes unquestioned is the idea that we should indeed live together. What does that actually mean? If people want to remain anonymous how does it threaten living together? And why should people not be allowed to isolate themselves from the rest of society?
This is not just the agenda of the far right, this is the agenda of mainstream political parties in Europe and perhaps one could even argue that the successful far right parties are partly the product of the culturalization and partly taking that line into its (completely logical) extreme. It is a particular idea of the ideal virtuous citizen, secular, emancipated, liberal, that is imposed on the whole of society as being the normal, acceptable and expected mode of citizenship. The living together rule therefore is not so much a desire for social cohesion and integration but a political project of homogenization and securitization through the criminalization of Muslim women’s attire.
Download here:
The Press Release:
The Ruling:
Posted on June 14th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: anthropology, Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Marriage.
| Projectname | Muslim Marriages |
|---|---|
| Hours | 38.0 hours per week |
| Salary | € 2083 – € 2664 |
| Education | University Graduate |
| Deadline | 1 July 2014 |
The AISSR and the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Amsterdam are looking for PhD candidates who will participate in the ERC-funded research project ‘Problematizing “Muslim Marriages”: Ambiguities and Contestations’, directed by Prof. Dr. Annelies Moors.
This ethnographic project employs the term ‘Muslim marriages’ in a broad sense, as it emerges in public debate and as a form of marriage practice that at least one of the parties concerned considers Islamically valid. It investigates both when and how particular marriage forms have become subject to public debate and what kinds of new (or new uses of old) marriage forms and wedding celebrations are emerging in everyday life. Depending on context, this includes, for instance, unregistered, visiting, temporary, interreligious, transnational, and polygamous marriages. Who are participating in these marriage forms, and how are they performed? Who are able to shape these new forms? How and by whom are such marriages authenticated, authorized or contested as Muslim marriages? Under which conditions do particular forms of Muslim marriages emerge and become licit while other forms become devalued and marginalized? The wider question this project addresses is what economic, political, religious and cultural work these new Muslim marriages do. What subjectivities and socialities do they produce? How do they shape economic relations, group boundaries, religious ethics, and cultural forms? Theoretically, this project intends to contribute to fields such as: Islam, public debate, legal practices, and everyday life; globalization, marriage and reproduction; the family, economy, and intimacy; the body, gender, and sexuality; religion, ethics and aesthetics.
PhD candidates will be based in Amsterdam at the AISSR and will conduct longer term ethnographic fieldwork, preferably in Indonesia, Lebanon, Morocco, the Gulf States and the Balkans. Candidates with strong arguments to do fieldwork elsewhere may also apply.
Phd Candidates should have the following credentials:
The full-time appointments will be for a period of four years (12 months plus a further 36 months contingent on a satisfactory performance during the first year), starting 1 September 2014.
The gross monthly salary will be €2,083 in the first year and €2,664 in the fourth year, based on a full-time position of 38 hours per week, plus 8% holiday allowance and 8,3% end-of- year allowance, in conformity with the Collective Labour Agreement of Dutch Universities.
A part-time position may be discussed, but the PhD thesis needs to be completed before 1/9/2018.
The Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (FMG) is the largest social-science educational and research institution in the Netherlands. The Faculty serves around 9,000 students in numerous Bachelor’s and Master’s programmes in Political Science, Sociology, Anthropology, Communication Science, Psychology, Social Geography, International Development Studies and Educational Sciences. The academic staff is employed in education as well as research. There are over 1,200 employees at the Faculty, located in a number of buildings in the centre of Amsterdam.
The Department of Sociology and Anthropology is one of the Departments in the FMG. Research and education are carried out by special institutes. Research takes place under the aegis of the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), a multidisciplinary research institute, the biggest one of its kind in the Netherlands and possibly in Europe. The broad scope and pluralism of our education and research programmes are inspired by and reflect a strong degree of internationalisation.
Applications must include, in a single PDF file:
All correspondence will be in English. Applications must be sent as attachments to application-soca-fmg@uva.nl before 1 July 2014. The subject of the message and the attachment must consist of the text “MUSMAR + applicant’s last name”, the file with the writing samples needs to have ‘sample’ added to the last name.
No agencies please
For more information please contact the principal investigator:
For specifics on the Globalizing Culture programme group (institutional location of the project), please visit: aissr.uva.nl/programme-groups/item/globalizing-culture.html
application-soca-fmg@uva.nl
Posted on June 10th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, International Terrorism, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Rape is a weapon of war. Human rights groups and opposition activists say Syrian women held in state prisons are being raped and tortured. Many victims are too afraid to talk. Al Jazeera’s Zeina Khodr met some of the women, who now live in Turkey.
Posted on April 6th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: Activism, Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues.
Every year in Pakistan, many people – the majority of them women – are known to be victimized by brutal acid attacks, while numerous other cases go unreported. With little or no access to reconstructive surgery, survivors are physically and emotionally scarred. Many reported assailants, often a husband or someone else known by the victim, receive minimal if any punishment from the state.
Saving Face chronicles the lives of two acid-attack survivors in Pakistan, Zakia and Rukhsana, as they attempt to bring their assailants to justice and move on with their lives. The women are supported by NGOs, skilled doctors, and empathetic policymakers such as the Acid Survivors Foundation-Pakistan, plastic surgeon Dr. Mohammad Jawad who returns to his home country to assist them, attorney Ms. Sarkar Abbass who fights Zakia’s case, and female politician Marvi Memon who advocates for new legislation. Zakia is a 39-year old woman who had acid thrown on her by her husband after filing for divorce. She strives to find justice, alleviate pain and restore functioning and features to her face. Rukhsana is a 23-year old woman who was attacked by her husband and in-laws and forced to reconcile with them.
Watch the trailer:
Go to the site: Saving Face and see, among other things, the viewer’s guide which introduces audiences to critical issues pertaining to acid violence.
Posted on March 13th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Notes from the Field, Religious and Political Radicalization, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Women and political violence
For some reason the participation of women in political violence and war triggers our imagination. This is also the case with Muslim women going to Syria, some who go there to fight, some to become active in humanitarian aid and others who join their husbands and take care of their household. Often the depiction of these women is quite one-dimensional. They are often constructed as trapped by cultural or religious circumstances tied to gender or they are constructed as “romantic dupes” who have been manipulated into violent acts by a male lover or male relative or into lending sexual services to men. Of course, this is not just fantasy, it does exist and there are, for example, more than enough examples of women who are used for sexual favours and raping women is a weapon of war. Furthermore the promise of sex can be an important motivation for male soldiers and there are for example horrific accounts of American soldiers raping French women during the ‘liberation’ of France.
The National Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism and Security estimates the number of Dutch women in Syria to be approximately 20. Not a lot and Dutch women going abroad for participating in armed struggle is also not new given the account of Tanja Nijmeijer who joined the Colombian FARC. Nevertheless, still a significant phenomenon at least for the stir it causes in society in general and among Muslims in particular.
Sex-jihad, jihad brides and what have you…
Last week in the Netherlands we had several accounts on ‘jihad brides’ and Moroccan-Dutch women being groomed by men to go to Syria to engage in temporary marriages so men can have sex with them. The anti-Islam and anti-Muslim/migrant Freedom Party is going to ask questions in parliament about it. In many of the discussions practices that usually are associated with Shia Muslims, in particular the zawaj mut‘a (pleasure marriage) or zawaj mu’aqqat (temporary marriage) are uncritically connected with these (Sunni) women and also related to grooming and prostitution.
It is very difficult to confirm or deny such accounts, the women themselves often do not speak to the regular media. Furthermore it is also difficult to ascertain the extent to which these stories are influenced by war propaganda. The stories about the so-called ‘jihad al-nikah’ or ‘sex(ual) jihad’ during the Syrian war seem to have originated in Tunisia and the Tunisian Minister of the Interior has stated it is a significant issue. According to the Minister, Lotfi Ben Jeddou, Tunisian women were traveling to Syria to wage “sex jihad” and having sex with “20, 30, [or] 100” militants, before returning pregnant to Tunisia. The other source of the jihad al-nikah narrative is said to be Muhammad al-Arifi, a Saudi salafi cleric. Al-Arifi has denied making the statements and stated that ‘no sane person‘ would such a fatwa. This has not prevented stories from Tunisia about young women being ‘brainwashed‘ and lured into ‘sex-jihad’. Later a Tunisian official stated there were only a few women going to Syria for these reasons. The Al Arabiya network revealed several cases of Syrian women who were abducted and raped by jihadis. It appears however that in reality they were kidnapped by Assad’s security services. Christoph Reuter, a reporter of Der Spiegel, stated that the ‘sex jihad’ is part of Assad’s propaganda war and that two human rights organizations haven’t been able to confirm the stories.:
Assad Regime Wages PR Campaign to Discredit Rebels – SPIEGEL ONLINE
One prime example is the legend of orgies with terrorists: The 16-year-old presented on state TV comes from a prominent oppositional family in Daraa. When the regime failed to capture her father, she was abducted by security forces on her way home from school in November 2012. During the same TV program, a second woman confessed that she had submitted to group sex with the fanatical Al-Nusra Front. According to her family, though, she was arrested at the University of Damascus while protesting against Assad. Both young women are still missing. Their families say that they were forced to make the televised statements — and that the allegation of sex jihad is a lie.
An alleged Tunisian sex jihadist also dismissed the stories when she was contacted by Arab media: “All lies!”, she said. She admitted that she had been to Syria, but as a nurse. She says she is married and has since fled to Jordan.
Two human rights organizations have been trying to substantiate the sex jihad stories, but have so far come up empty-handed.
Several other stories about sex jihad have been debunked as well although the Tunisian security services appears to have several girls from the Chaambi Mountains who were allegedly involved in a the so-called sex jihad. Amna Guellali, working for Human Rights Watch in Tunisia, spoke to the mother of an 18-year-old woman. She told Guellali that a woman close to the Tunisian militant group Ansar al-Sharia got her daughter tangled up in a network of girls in the area. Guellali also states however: “Everything I’ve heard were very broad allegations that didn’t really have all the features of a serious reporting about the case, […]All I have is very sparse, very little information, and I think that’s true for a lot of people working in the human rights community, in addition to reporters.”
Nevertheless whether the stories are true or not, some parents and other Muslims do voice their concerns over these women through a narrative that weaves together elements such as brainwashing, grooming and sexual violence. Last night at a talkshow Houda el Hamdaoui (candidate for the local Party of Unity for the upcoming elections and working in a grassroots organisation Mother/Daughter that supports parents of foreign fighters) expressed her concerns while also voicing her objections against the term ‘jihad bride’. She stated that parents should monitor the behaviour of their daughters and if necessary go to the police if they suspect their sons and/or daughters want to go to Syria.
There have also been reports, in the last couple of days, trying to debunk the stories about sex-jihad en jihadbrides and criticizing the sensationalist and alarmist tone of many of the reports.
Women ‘moving’ to Syria
Above is a video of women who calls herself ‘Maryam’. She is a convert from the UK apparently and has committed herself to ‘jihad’:
How British women are joining the jihad in Syria – Channel 4 News
She’s a tall young woman, dressed in a hijab, complete with face veil, firing a gun. She speaks with a London accent, and calls herself “Maryam”.
It’s not her real name, but her commitment to the jihad is real enough: “These are our brothers and sisters and they need our help.”
Maryam shoots a Kalashnikov for the camera, and then fires off a revolver. She’d like to fight, to become what she calls a martyr. But she’s not a frontline fighter. She’s a fighter’s wife, with weapons for her own protection.
(via T-V, thanks!)
The Channel4 documentary is an interesting one but does appear to suffer from a particular bias. In stories about female fighters the question often is why do such (pretty, search for it and note how many times they are categorized as pretty) engage in violent acts or, in this case join the European male foreign fighters in Syria? It appears as if people think that women engaging in violence are transgressing the dominant definitions of feminity and appropriate behaviour. The narrative of women being lured into sex jihad fits into that; it’s the men’s brainwashing that is responsible for luring women into ‘deviant’ acts. In the case of women we tend to overlook the reasons men give for fighting: ‘doing something’, ‘fighting for justice and against oppression, ‘fighting in the cause of God’ and assume women have other reasons. And maybe they have other reasons too, but Maryam’s story is quite familiar when we compare it to the narratives of men:
I couldn’t find anyone in the UK who was willing to sacrifice their life in this world for the life in the hereafter… I prayed, and Allah ruled that I came here to marry Abu Bakr.[…] “You need to wake up and stop being scared of death… we know that there’s heaven and hell. At the end of the day, Allah’s going to question you. Instead of sitting down and focusing on your families or your study, you just need to wake up because the time is ticking.
There is also another narrative that I haven’t seen thus far in the case of Muslim women going to Syria but that certainly exists in other cases. This one constructs female militants and fighters as “liberated” feminists who engage in violent acts as autonomous actors. The advantage of this perspective as that women’s agency is being brought into the narrative but in fact it is equally reductionist as the former. Committing acts of violence here becomes the ultimate equalizer oyer and these women may even more dangerous than man (‘kill the women first’ trope is such an example). It is as if these women by becoming fighters are expressing their full feminity, their full commitment as a Muslim and demonstrating gender equality. Such a view however (although maybe important to the women themselves) still gains its currency from the stereotype that a woman does not commit violent acts.
The Channel4 documentary albeit not completely independent from the stereotypes, does provide us with a clear view of women not being passive victims of bad men and not being the feminist warriors others want them to be. Economics, household issues, children’s issues and the realities of life at home and in Syria shape and inform their participation in the war in Syria. Coercion and social pressures may play a role here but the women’s political and religious agency do as well.
Posted on March 13th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Notes from the Field, Religious and Political Radicalization, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Women and political violence
For some reason the participation of women in political violence and war triggers our imagination. This is also the case with Muslim women going to Syria, some who go there to fight, some to become active in humanitarian aid and others who join their husbands and take care of their household. Often the depiction of these women is quite one-dimensional. They are often constructed as trapped by cultural or religious circumstances tied to gender or they are constructed as “romantic dupes” who have been manipulated into violent acts by a male lover or male relative or into lending sexual services to men. Of course, this is not just fantasy, it does exist and there are, for example, more than enough examples of women who are used for sexual favours and raping women is a weapon of war. Furthermore the promise of sex can be an important motivation for male soldiers and there are for example horrific accounts of American soldiers raping French women during the ‘liberation’ of France.
The National Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism and Security estimates the number of Dutch women in Syria to be approximately 20. Not a lot and Dutch women going abroad for participating in armed struggle is also not new given the account of Tanja Nijmeijer who joined the Colombian FARC. Nevertheless, still a significant phenomenon at least for the stir it causes in society in general and among Muslims in particular.
Sex-jihad, jihad brides and what have you…
Last week in the Netherlands we had several accounts on ‘jihad brides’ and Moroccan-Dutch women being groomed by men to go to Syria to engage in temporary marriages so men can have sex with them. The anti-Islam and anti-Muslim/migrant Freedom Party is going to ask questions in parliament about it. In many of the discussions practices that usually are associated with Shia Muslims, in particular the zawaj mut‘a (pleasure marriage) or zawaj mu’aqqat (temporary marriage) are uncritically connected with these (Sunni) women and also related to grooming and prostitution.
It is very difficult to confirm or deny such accounts, the women themselves often do not speak to the regular media. Furthermore it is also difficult to ascertain the extent to which these stories are influenced by war propaganda. The stories about the so-called ‘jihad al-nikah’ or ‘sex(ual) jihad’ during the Syrian war seem to have originated in Tunisia and the Tunisian Minister of the Interior has stated it is a significant issue. According to the Minister, Lotfi Ben Jeddou, Tunisian women were traveling to Syria to wage “sex jihad” and having sex with “20, 30, [or] 100” militants, before returning pregnant to Tunisia. The other source of the jihad al-nikah narrative is said to be Muhammad al-Arifi, a Saudi salafi cleric. Al-Arifi has denied making the statements and stated that ‘no sane person‘ would such a fatwa. This has not prevented stories from Tunisia about young women being ‘brainwashed‘ and lured into ‘sex-jihad’. Later a Tunisian official stated there were only a few women going to Syria for these reasons. The Al Arabiya network revealed several cases of Syrian women who were abducted and raped by jihadis. It appears however that in reality they were kidnapped by Assad’s security services. Christoph Reuter, a reporter of Der Spiegel, stated that the ‘sex jihad’ is part of Assad’s propaganda war and that two human rights organizations haven’t been able to confirm the stories.:
Assad Regime Wages PR Campaign to Discredit Rebels – SPIEGEL ONLINE
One prime example is the legend of orgies with terrorists: The 16-year-old presented on state TV comes from a prominent oppositional family in Daraa. When the regime failed to capture her father, she was abducted by security forces on her way home from school in November 2012. During the same TV program, a second woman confessed that she had submitted to group sex with the fanatical Al-Nusra Front. According to her family, though, she was arrested at the University of Damascus while protesting against Assad. Both young women are still missing. Their families say that they were forced to make the televised statements — and that the allegation of sex jihad is a lie.
An alleged Tunisian sex jihadist also dismissed the stories when she was contacted by Arab media: “All lies!”, she said. She admitted that she had been to Syria, but as a nurse. She says she is married and has since fled to Jordan.
Two human rights organizations have been trying to substantiate the sex jihad stories, but have so far come up empty-handed.
Several other stories about sex jihad have been debunked as well although the Tunisian security services appears to have several girls from the Chaambi Mountains who were allegedly involved in a the so-called sex jihad. Amna Guellali, working for Human Rights Watch in Tunisia, spoke to the mother of an 18-year-old woman. She told Guellali that a woman close to the Tunisian militant group Ansar al-Sharia got her daughter tangled up in a network of girls in the area. Guellali also states however: “Everything I’ve heard were very broad allegations that didn’t really have all the features of a serious reporting about the case, […]All I have is very sparse, very little information, and I think that’s true for a lot of people working in the human rights community, in addition to reporters.”
Nevertheless whether the stories are true or not, some parents and other Muslims do voice their concerns over these women through a narrative that weaves together elements such as brainwashing, grooming and sexual violence. Last night at a talkshow Houda el Hamdaoui (candidate for the local Party of Unity for the upcoming elections and working in a grassroots organisation Mother/Daughter that supports parents of foreign fighters) expressed her concerns while also voicing her objections against the term ‘jihad bride’. She stated that parents should monitor the behaviour of their daughters and if necessary go to the police if they suspect their sons and/or daughters want to go to Syria.
There have also been reports, in the last couple of days, trying to debunk the stories about sex-jihad en jihadbrides and criticizing the sensationalist and alarmist tone of many of the reports.
Women ‘moving’ to Syria
Above is a video of women who calls herself ‘Maryam’. She is a convert from the UK apparently and has committed herself to ‘jihad’:
How British women are joining the jihad in Syria – Channel 4 News
She’s a tall young woman, dressed in a hijab, complete with face veil, firing a gun. She speaks with a London accent, and calls herself “Maryam”.
It’s not her real name, but her commitment to the jihad is real enough: “These are our brothers and sisters and they need our help.”
Maryam shoots a Kalashnikov for the camera, and then fires off a revolver. She’d like to fight, to become what she calls a martyr. But she’s not a frontline fighter. She’s a fighter’s wife, with weapons for her own protection.
(via T-V, thanks!)
The Channel4 documentary is an interesting one but does appear to suffer from a particular bias. In stories about female fighters the question often is why do such (pretty, search for it and note how many times they are categorized as pretty) engage in violent acts or, in this case join the European male foreign fighters in Syria? It appears as if people think that women engaging in violence are transgressing the dominant definitions of feminity and appropriate behaviour. The narrative of women being lured into sex jihad fits into that; it’s the men’s brainwashing that is responsible for luring women into ‘deviant’ acts. In the case of women we tend to overlook the reasons men give for fighting: ‘doing something’, ‘fighting for justice and against oppression, ‘fighting in the cause of God’ and assume women have other reasons. And maybe they have other reasons too, but Maryam’s story is quite familiar when we compare it to the narratives of men:
I couldn’t find anyone in the UK who was willing to sacrifice their life in this world for the life in the hereafter… I prayed, and Allah ruled that I came here to marry Abu Bakr.[…] “You need to wake up and stop being scared of death… we know that there’s heaven and hell. At the end of the day, Allah’s going to question you. Instead of sitting down and focusing on your families or your study, you just need to wake up because the time is ticking.
There is also another narrative that I haven’t seen thus far in the case of Muslim women going to Syria but that certainly exists in other cases. This one constructs female militants and fighters as “liberated” feminists who engage in violent acts as autonomous actors. The advantage of this perspective as that women’s agency is being brought into the narrative but in fact it is equally reductionist as the former. Committing acts of violence here becomes the ultimate equalizer oyer and these women may even more dangerous than man (‘kill the women first’ trope is such an example). It is as if these women by becoming fighters are expressing their full feminity, their full commitment as a Muslim and demonstrating gender equality. Such a view however (although maybe important to the women themselves) still gains its currency from the stereotype that a woman does not commit violent acts.
The Channel4 documentary albeit not completely independent from the stereotypes, does provide us with a clear view of women not being passive victims of bad men and not being the feminist warriors others want them to be. Economics, household issues, children’s issues and the realities of life at home and in Syria shape and inform their participation in the war in Syria. Coercion and social pressures may play a role here but the women’s political and religious agency do as well.
Posted on March 8th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Multiculti Issues.
Here you see a video made by Raja Felgata and Margo de Haas about Moroccan-Dutch kickboxing champion Rachida Bouhout:
For more information about the meaning of kickboxing, read a really great post by my colleague Jasmijn Rana on the blog of Cultural Anthropology: Sports: Provocation – Feminizing Fighting Sports? She participated in Thai-/kickboxing sessions with young Moroccan-Dutch girls:
The phenomenon of “Ladies-Only” training contests the masculine practice of Thai-/kickboxing by challenging the aggressive, competitive and painful nature of the sport. Participation of girls and women in this sport is often initiated as a form of ‘empowerment,’ both by local governments and the gyms, and incited by national policies. The wider public tends to view kickboxing negatively as an overly aggressive sport. Yet in the case of women, kickboxing is perceived as emancipatory enskillment and as a form of self-defense. My research on female kickboxing practices in the Netherlands demonstrates how ideas of masculinity and femininity are contested and reproduced in sports.
Rana, Jasmijn. “Sports: Provocation.” Fieldsights – Field Notes, Cultural Anthropology Online, February 10, 2014, http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/489-sports-provocation
Posted on March 8th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Multiculti Issues.
Here you see a video made by Raja Felgata and Margo de Haas about Moroccan-Dutch kickboxing champion Rachida Bouhout:
For more information about the meaning of kickboxing, read a really great post by my colleague Jasmijn Rana on the blog of Cultural Anthropology: Sports: Provocation – Feminizing Fighting Sports? She participated in Thai-/kickboxing sessions with young Moroccan-Dutch girls:
The phenomenon of “Ladies-Only” training contests the masculine practice of Thai-/kickboxing by challenging the aggressive, competitive and painful nature of the sport. Participation of girls and women in this sport is often initiated as a form of ‘empowerment,’ both by local governments and the gyms, and incited by national policies. The wider public tends to view kickboxing negatively as an overly aggressive sport. Yet in the case of women, kickboxing is perceived as emancipatory enskillment and as a form of self-defense. My research on female kickboxing practices in the Netherlands demonstrates how ideas of masculinity and femininity are contested and reproduced in sports.
Rana, Jasmijn. “Sports: Provocation.” Fieldsights – Field Notes, Cultural Anthropology Online, February 10, 2014, http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/489-sports-provocation
Posted on January 26th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: Activism, anthropology, Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Important Publications, islamophobia, Multiculti Issues.
Lila Abu-Lughod is professor of anthropology and women’s studies and director of the Middle East Institute at Columbia University in New York. In 2002 she published an article in the academic journal American Anthropologist: Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others. In this article she explores the ethics of the ‘War on Terror’ and how anthropology can contribute to a critical interrogation on the justification for the American intervention in Afghanistan in terms of liberating, or saving, Afghan women. Her article is a plea for a serious critical appreciation of differences among women in the world as the products of different histories, expressions of different circumstances, and manifestations of differently structured desires and tries to answer the implications for working together in changing their lives.
In her recently published book, Do Muslim Women Need Saving?, she presents the result of her attempt to deconstruct the popular often stereotyped images about Muslim women coming about in reports on honor killings, abuse, and (as criticized by her) in the propaganda of FEMEN with the complexity of the lives of women she met during her research. In a recent article, responding the Femen controversy about Topless Jihad and the counter-responses by Muslim women, she wrote for the National she criticized the assumption that muslim are oppressed:
Topless protests raise the question: Who can speak for Muslim women? | The National
his assumption makes everything from banning forms of dress to hysteria about “Sharia” arbitration courts appear rational. It makes politicians and feminists more interested in a piece of clothing than the women who wear it.
The photographs posted by these visibly Muslim women in their counter-protest raise some awkward questions. Who speaks for Muslim women? How did “freedom” and “choice” come to be the key terms in the debates about Muslim women’s rights? And how did Islam come to be blamed when a simple look around would confirm that Muslim women’s lives, political views and social positions are so diverse?
The problems they face are clearly shaped by many factors besides Islam, which itself is a constantly changing and contested tradition.
There is a long history of negative western representations of women in the “Orient”. Popular media have been breathing new life into these images ever since liberating the women of Afghanistan was offered as a rationale for military intervention. In 2001, I was suspicious of this justification for war, a justification that former first lady Laura Bush along with former secretary of state Hillary Clinton resuscitated last week in the face of the dismal situation in Afghanistan.
As an anthropologist who had studied and written about women and gender politics in the Muslim world for 20 years, I could not make sense then of the gap between what I was seeing in the media and what I knew from experience. I wondered which Muslim women were imagined as the objects of such humanitarian concern. Could one lump together refugees begging on the streets of Beirut with prime ministers of populous Muslim countries?
In the next videos she discusses her book:
See also the New York Times Read Around Video: HERE.
In Time Magazine an excerpt of her book:
Lila Abu-Lughod: Do Muslim Women Need Saving? | TIME.com
A language of rights cannot really capture the complications of lives actually lived. If we were to consider the quandaries of a young woman in rural Egypt as she tries to make choices about who to marry or how she will make a good life for her children in trying circumstances, perhaps we would realize that we all work within constraints. It does not do justice to anyone to view her life only in terms of rights or that loaded term, freedom. These are not the terms in which we understand our own lives, born into families we did not choose, finding our way into what might fulfill us in life, constrained by failing economies, subject to the consumer capitalism, and making moral mistakes we must live with.
See also the Daily Beast
I think the book is timely and necessary addition to ongoing debates on gender, Muslim women, Islam, feminism and imperialism.
Posted on January 26th, 2014 by martijn.
Categories: Activism, anthropology, Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Important Publications, islamophobia, Multiculti Issues.
Lila Abu-Lughod is professor of anthropology and women’s studies and director of the Middle East Institute at Columbia University in New York. In 2002 she published an article in the academic journal American Anthropologist: Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others. In this article she explores the ethics of the ‘War on Terror’ and how anthropology can contribute to a critical interrogation on the justification for the American intervention in Afghanistan in terms of liberating, or saving, Afghan women. Her article is a plea for a serious critical appreciation of differences among women in the world as the products of different histories, expressions of different circumstances, and manifestations of differently structured desires and tries to answer the implications for working together in changing their lives.
In her recently published book, Do Muslim Women Need Saving?, she presents the result of her attempt to deconstruct the popular often stereotyped images about Muslim women coming about in reports on honor killings, abuse, and (as criticized by her) in the propaganda of FEMEN with the complexity of the lives of women she met during her research. In a recent article, responding the Femen controversy about Topless Jihad and the counter-responses by Muslim women, she wrote for the National she criticized the assumption that muslim are oppressed:
Topless protests raise the question: Who can speak for Muslim women? | The National
his assumption makes everything from banning forms of dress to hysteria about “Sharia” arbitration courts appear rational. It makes politicians and feminists more interested in a piece of clothing than the women who wear it.
The photographs posted by these visibly Muslim women in their counter-protest raise some awkward questions. Who speaks for Muslim women? How did “freedom” and “choice” come to be the key terms in the debates about Muslim women’s rights? And how did Islam come to be blamed when a simple look around would confirm that Muslim women’s lives, political views and social positions are so diverse?
The problems they face are clearly shaped by many factors besides Islam, which itself is a constantly changing and contested tradition.
There is a long history of negative western representations of women in the “Orient”. Popular media have been breathing new life into these images ever since liberating the women of Afghanistan was offered as a rationale for military intervention. In 2001, I was suspicious of this justification for war, a justification that former first lady Laura Bush along with former secretary of state Hillary Clinton resuscitated last week in the face of the dismal situation in Afghanistan.
As an anthropologist who had studied and written about women and gender politics in the Muslim world for 20 years, I could not make sense then of the gap between what I was seeing in the media and what I knew from experience. I wondered which Muslim women were imagined as the objects of such humanitarian concern. Could one lump together refugees begging on the streets of Beirut with prime ministers of populous Muslim countries?
In the next videos she discusses her book:
See also the New York Times Read Around Video: HERE.
In Time Magazine an excerpt of her book:
Lila Abu-Lughod: Do Muslim Women Need Saving? | TIME.com
A language of rights cannot really capture the complications of lives actually lived. If we were to consider the quandaries of a young woman in rural Egypt as she tries to make choices about who to marry or how she will make a good life for her children in trying circumstances, perhaps we would realize that we all work within constraints. It does not do justice to anyone to view her life only in terms of rights or that loaded term, freedom. These are not the terms in which we understand our own lives, born into families we did not choose, finding our way into what might fulfill us in life, constrained by failing economies, subject to the consumer capitalism, and making moral mistakes we must live with.
See also the Daily Beast
I think the book is timely and necessary addition to ongoing debates on gender, Muslim women, Islam, feminism and imperialism.
Posted on December 11th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Activism, Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Public Islam, Young Muslims, Youth culture (as a practice).
In the video Somewhere in America, a bunch of young Muslim women take over the urban landscape with their skateboards, high heels, hijabs and other fashionable clothing with a Jay-Z soundtrack. The video is directed together with Sara Aghaganian and Layla and released by Abbas Rattani and Habib Yazdi of Sheikh & Bake Productions: A music video that captures the attitude “I’m dope as hell and I don’t give a @!#$%&.”. Their facebook page describes them as:
A Mipster is someone who seeks inspiration from the Islamic tradition of divine scriptures, volumes of knowledge, mystical poets, bold prophets, inspirational politicians, esoteric Imams, and our fellow human beings searching for transcendental states of consciousness. A Mipster is an ironic identity, one that serves more as a perpetual critique of oneself and of society.
The video you see here is a clean version of the Jay Z song since several people complained about the N-word that was part of the original song.
Reactions
The video has gone viral on Facebook, Buzzfeed, Jezebel, Glamour, Huffington Post. The video has triggered an interesting debate about what it means to be a young, American, Muslims, woman. Take for example dr. Suad Abdul Khabeer:
“All I know to be is a solider, for my culture” | Somewhere in America? Somewhere in America there…
Everywhere in America, a Muslim woman’s headscarf is not only some sex, swag and consumption, it also belief and beauty, defiance and struggle, secrets and shame.
I know some people are celebrating this video and others criticizing it. I think it’s pretty clear I fall in the second camp. Yet, while it could be so much more. It actually does what it intends to do so effectively. Nothing in this video should surprise you. After all it is being championed by a group called the mipsterz—as in Muslim Hipsters—with no sense of irony. A friend remarked to me that the video was particularly tragic because our champion Ibtihaj Muhammad is in it, and she has been lauded by folks like Hilary Clinton for being a role model. And this video and its background song, replete with profanity including the N-word, seem far from that acclaim. Yet I don’t think it’s incongrous that the same person who Clinton lauded would end up in a video with Jay-Z as a back drop, both Clinton and Jay assert and epitomize American Exceptionalist Capitalism par excellence—and by this I mean the way they would approrpirate her not necessarily how she sees herself. And lest we forget, even Obama has Jay on his Ipod. The video is full frontal consumption and thus can only offer narrow visions of who Muslim women are, even in the attempt to show diversity but again how American is that?! I must admit I may have been a tad bit surprised that they didn’t bleep out at least the N-word but maybe they were aiming for that “ironic” hispter racism. Maybe in the remix they will swap out Nigga for Abeed.
Also a critical comment by Sana Saeed from The Islamic Monthly:
Somewhere in America, Muslim Women Are “Cool”
The video, produced/created/directed primarily by Muslim men (oh hey voyeuristic-cinematography-through-the-Male-Gaze heyyy), doesn’t achieve anything to really fight against stereotypes: it is literally young Muslim women with awesome fashion sense against the awkward backdrop of Jay Z singing about Miley Cyrus twerking. The only semblance of purpose seems to come in with the images of Ibtihaj Muhammad who is shown in her element, doing what she does as a professional athlete. Those images are powerful and beautiful in what they are saying. Other than that, however, all we as the audience are afforded are images that, simply put, objectify the Muslim female form by denigrating it completely to the physical. Muhammad’s form as a unique Muslim woman is complemented by her matter – the stuff that makes her her; makes her Ibtihaj. As the credits below the video mention, the rest of the women (Muhammad is included in this) are merely “models” even though every single one of them has a central and important function and contribution to her respective community and in her field. Instead of showing what makes each and every one of those women Herself, they’re made into this superfluous conformity of an image we, as the audience, consume and ogle at because hey, they’re part of the aesthetic of the video. Ibtihaj is shown as a professional badass and the rest are shown as professional hot women who skate in heels and take selfies on the roof. There’s nothing wrong with the latter, in and of itself, but what a strange dissonance and incongruence in imagery?
And if that isn’t textbook objectification then I think I’ve been raging against the wrong machine since I was 14.
One of the participants in the video, Aminah Sheikh, defends her choice of participating in the video:
Why I Participated in the ‘Somewhere in America’ #Mipsterz Video
My problem with all the critiques I am reading is that you are taking away my agency and power. I made this choice, and the video is in fact a reflection of me and many Muslim women. You may not like it, and that is ok. It may not represent you, and that is even better. You probably don’t know anyone like us – even more so better!
[…]
Hijabis are humans, and that was the point of the video. I know hijabis who ride bikes, skateboard and listen to rap. You can be in denial and reinforce the ‘us and them’ dichotomies and Occidentalism. But, I personally see this as reactionary Islamist politics — this naming, shunning and shaming. It is counterproductive and not useful. Islam is a global religion with about two billion adherents and colorful, historical trajectories.
Islamic culture has not come in a vacuum. Islam is linked to a myriad of people, histories, nations and ethnicities.
The most amusing part of this post-video conversation is the class/or Marxian critique and the linking of the video to materialism and consumption. First, of all the women in the video, not one is endorsing any particular brand. Second, it certainly ironic when the majority of “Western” Muslims are living in their fancy suburban homes, driving a luxury car, jet setting through Dubai and staying in luxury hotels on their Hajj– now they want to bring class politics into the discussion.
Let’s not even get started on the race politics: I am a first generation Muslim woman living in Toronto, Canada. I have been called a terrorist post-911 more times than I can count. I am brown-skinned and by no means the normative standard of beauty. I am a daughter of parents forcefully moved during partition in India/Pakistan. Like me, none of the women in the video fit into mainstream culture. It was great giving us some representation in alternative media forms. I can only hope one day there are more Muslim women in the media when I have my own daughter.
Finally, don’t say what my identity is. I can do that for myself. Don’t take away another woman’s power or agency.
I am Canadian. I am Western. I am them, and they are me. I am definitely the same. I can be a hipster, I can be a mipster, and I can be mainstream. Oh. and yes — I listen to Jay Z.Peace out.
Another participant, Noor Tagouri expressed on Facebook that she wasn’t aware of how the final product would be:
When I was first asked to be a part of this project, I was told it was for an official music video of Yuna’s song “Loud Noises.” An inspiring song on friendship and love.
I was never told the music video fell through, and in turn a video was still going to come out of the footage shot and be set to Jay-Z’s “Somewhere in America.” I’ll admit, I was uneasy about it at first, still a bit meh about it because the explicit version was used and besides the theme of being “somewhere in America,” it wasn’t relevant to friendship, love or empowerment.
Nevertheless, the video was edited and posted before I could say anything about the drastic song change…and it remained fun/catchy. I enjoyed seeing the cool senses of fashion and recognizing faces of people who I admire. I get it. This song isn’t exactly appropriate, and I do believe the song choice is the main reason many people were thrown off about it. If it’s the way girls are dressed in their hijab, then, you really need to just accept the fact that hijab is a personal choice and everyone interprets it differently. Would it have been better to see an even MORE array of hijabis? Probably. But the video came out and though there was/is much criticism, there is also a lot of good feedback, esp from people who viewed hijab as “oppressive” and disempowering. So, I’ve decided to take the positive from this video and leave the negative. And next time, be sure that if I participate in something like this, I get the chance to see the progress before the final product is put out.
At one point the debate got (over?)heated and one of the things that happens with videos that go viral is that they are completely pulled out of their original context. As Rabia Chaudry explains:
Somewhere on the Internet, Muslim Women are being Shamed
I am really sorry that you vivacious, happy, dynamic, stylish, and I’m sure very bright young women are being brutally examined and analyzed with laser-like tenacity, and about as much empathy. It stinks to high heaven that you are being accused of promoting racism (poor song choice, but I know it had little to do with you), elitism, classism, fat shaming, immodesty, and essentially the downfall of our entire Ummah. Yes, I know. I didn’t see it coming either.
Debating the video
The next video shows the debate on Al Jazeera’s The Stream between Hajer Naili, Sana Saeed, Keziah Ridgeway and Linda Sarsour:
Earlier also a debate at HuffPo with Abbas Rattani, Hajer Naili, Sohaib Sultan, and Sana Saeed
In this debate Abbas Rattani refers to an all male mipster video, that has caused much less controversy and has only a little over 4200 views on youtube. That is this one
Dilemmas
It appears that we are much more concerned with women’s lives, bodies and dress then with men. The message of the video may be not that clear but that is probably stimulating the discussion as it leaves room for everyone to project their own meaning onto the video and onto the women in it as well. There have been a lot of comments stating that these women do not deserve to wear the hijab since they do not behave modestly. I have seen such comments (often ad hominem) from Muslims and non-Muslims signifying the attempts to control women’s bodies, attire and behaviour.
The fact that the performance in the video mixes and blurs the boundaries between pop culture, Islamic religiosity and identity and womanhood is probably also an important impetus for the debate. For some people pop culture is everything that is unislamic or even anti-Islamic. Mixing it with Islam is than often a source of controversy as it is regarded as vulgar and dangerous. At the same time for those people who want to make a strong statement in the sense of ‘Here I am, I’m not going away, deal with it’ pushing the boundaries through pop culture is often a strong tool for challenging the status quo (see also Imran Ali Malik‘s comments).
In that sense this is an important debate that goes beyond the video itself, or as Hind Makki explains (who has a great overview of the most important opinions and links):
Somewhere In America: My Thinksies & Some Linksies
while this discussion may seem trivial at first glance – that so many American Muslims are getting our scarves and kufis into a collective knot over a short clip that is essentially a fashion shoot set to a popular hip hop track – in reality, this public conversation points a collective finger on a very real question: what spaces are Muslim women occupying in American Islam?
The critiques also shows a fundamental dilemma for activists. Or two actually. First one if one wants to debunk stereotypes regarding a particular group it is difficult not to reproduce the same stereotype as well. By stating that Muslims are normal, want to have fun and fit in, the stereotype that they are abnormal, do not know how to have fun and do not fit is implicitly repeated. The second dilemma is that by showing the ‘normal Muslim’ in this video a particular category is included while others are excluded. Are those Muslims who do not have fun, who do not function in society, who are not strong women according to the definition of the video, not normal? This is certainly not what the video explicitly states, but by showing these women other women who do not resemble them are left out or made invisible. These dilemma’s notwithstanding (or maybe partly because of them) the video generated lots of comments and debate on what it means to be a Muslim woman and how to intervene in the debates on Islam.
Posted on November 19th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: anthropology, Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Ritual and Religious Experience, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Moroccan Women Today: New Perspectives
November 29th, 2013
You are kindly invited to attend
I.
‘Female Religious Agents In Morocco: Old Practices and New Perspectives’
11.00 / Dissertation defense – Mrs. A. Ouguir
Location: Aula – Oude Lutherse kerk / Singel 411, Amsterdam
Aziza Ouguir will defend her doctoral dissertation, written in the context of the NWO project ‘Women & Islam: New Perspectives,’ on the history and contemporary reception of female saints in Morocco. Ouguir shows the continuation of female religious agency among women in Morocco that counters conventional images of Moroccan Muslim women as victims of patriarchal religious ideologies.
(Promoters: Prof. dr. mr. R. Peters, Prof. dr. F. Sadiqi / co-promoter: dr. K.V. Q. Vintges)
&
II.
Moroccan Women Today
19.00 – 21.00 / Presentation of the documentary ‘Women Today: Morocco 2013’
Location: Doelenzaal – Universiteitsbibliotheek (UvA) / Singel 425, Amsterdam
The film gives voice to a number of Moroccan women in their attempt to develop new female emancipatory visions. Which vocabularies and sources do Moroccan women’s organizations make use of? How do Moroccan women today appropriate and / or reinterpret religious and other cultural traditions so as to underpin women’s participation and rights? Is there or isn’t there a cooperative spirit among women in Morocco that may serve other communities?
Presentation of the documentary ‘Women Today: Morocco 2013’ summarizing the results of the NWO project ‘Women & Islam: New Perspectives’, by film director Nuria Andreu and project leader Karen Vintges. After the screening there will be a debate with Fatima Sadiqi, Moha Ennaji – both from the University of Fes – and Aziza Ouguir, who are interviewed in the documentary. The film is in English, with Dutch subtitles.
The language of both events is English
Research team ‘Women & Islam: New Perspectives’:
Universiteit van Amsterdam: Dr. K.V.Q. Vintges / Prof. R. Peters / PhD candidate A. Ouguir
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen: Dr. M.W. Buitelaar / Prof. T.H. Zock / PhD candidate F. Ballah
University of Fes / Morocco: Prof. F. Sadiqi, Prof. M. Ennaji
Contact: k.v.q.vintges@uva.nl
Posted on November 19th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: anthropology, Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Ritual and Religious Experience, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Moroccan Women Today: New Perspectives
November 29th, 2013
You are kindly invited to attend
I.
‘Female Religious Agents In Morocco: Old Practices and New Perspectives’
11.00 / Dissertation defense – Mrs. A. Ouguir
Location: Aula – Oude Lutherse kerk / Singel 411, Amsterdam
Aziza Ouguir will defend her doctoral dissertation, written in the context of the NWO project ‘Women & Islam: New Perspectives,’ on the history and contemporary reception of female saints in Morocco. Ouguir shows the continuation of female religious agency among women in Morocco that counters conventional images of Moroccan Muslim women as victims of patriarchal religious ideologies.
(Promoters: Prof. dr. mr. R. Peters, Prof. dr. F. Sadiqi / co-promoter: dr. K.V. Q. Vintges)
&
II.
Moroccan Women Today
19.00 – 21.00 / Presentation of the documentary ‘Women Today: Morocco 2013’
Location: Doelenzaal – Universiteitsbibliotheek (UvA) / Singel 425, Amsterdam
The film gives voice to a number of Moroccan women in their attempt to develop new female emancipatory visions. Which vocabularies and sources do Moroccan women’s organizations make use of? How do Moroccan women today appropriate and / or reinterpret religious and other cultural traditions so as to underpin women’s participation and rights? Is there or isn’t there a cooperative spirit among women in Morocco that may serve other communities?
Presentation of the documentary ‘Women Today: Morocco 2013’ summarizing the results of the NWO project ‘Women & Islam: New Perspectives’, by film director Nuria Andreu and project leader Karen Vintges. After the screening there will be a debate with Fatima Sadiqi, Moha Ennaji – both from the University of Fes – and Aziza Ouguir, who are interviewed in the documentary. The film is in English, with Dutch subtitles.
The language of both events is English
Research team ‘Women & Islam: New Perspectives’:
Universiteit van Amsterdam: Dr. K.V.Q. Vintges / Prof. R. Peters / PhD candidate A. Ouguir
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen: Dr. M.W. Buitelaar / Prof. T.H. Zock / PhD candidate F. Ballah
University of Fes / Morocco: Prof. F. Sadiqi, Prof. M. Ennaji
Contact: k.v.q.vintges@uva.nl
Posted on October 26th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Activism, Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Gastauteur: Annemarie van Geel
1990. 2011. 2013. Het zijn de jaren waarin Saoedische vrouwen campagnes begonnen om het recht op autorijden te verwerven. Zaterdag 26 oktober 2013 is de dag van de derde poging. Driemaal is scheepsrecht?
Saoedi-Arabië is het laatste land ter wereld waar vrouwen niet mogen autorijden. Er is echter geen wet in het land die autorijden voor vrouwen verbiedt; er worden simpelweg geen Saoedische rijbewijzen afgegeven aan Saoedische vrouwen. Die overigens regelmatig in het buitenland een rijbewijs halen en dáár wel rijden. Ook op het platteland en in de woestijn, uit het zicht van de religieuze en reguliere politie, rijden Saoedische vrouwen wél auto. Een directrice van een school op het platteland haalt en brengt haar kinderen al 10 jaar zonder problemen met de auto van en naar school. In Dhahran, de thuisbasis van de Saoedische oliemaatschappij Aramco waar ook veel buitenlanders werken, rijden alle vrouwen auto – ook de Saoedische. En sommige expat-vrouwen gaan op ’n vrije middag de woestijn in, om even lekker te kunnen rijden.
Wat wél mag, is het besturen van een glider. Een aantal vrouwen hebben dan ook bij de Aviation Club in Jeddah al vlieglessen genomen en hun “vliegbewijs” gehaald. Zowel internationaal als in Saoedi-Arabië zelf heeft de aankondiging van de autorijd-campagne veel teweeg gebracht. De internationale media doken er bovenop, en Saoedische activistes hebben het op Twitter de afgelopen weken over vrijwel niets anders meer dan autorijden. Zie vooral #?????_26?????? op Twitter, waar in het Arabisch én Engels continue wordt gesproken over de nieuwe campagne. Ook op Instagram, populair in Saoedi-Arabie, vind je veel steunbetuigingen. De website die de activistes lanceerden had binnen een dag 6.000 steunbetuigingen verzameld maar werd, hoogstwaarschijnlijk door de autoriteiten, snel uit de lucht gehaald. Inmiddels is de site weer online en ook beschikbaar in het Engels.
De mannen en vrouwen van de “26 Oktober campagne” stellen op de website dat de campagne geen religieuze of politieke agenda heeft. Ze benadrukken dat de Saoedische Basic Law vrijheid van beweging garandeert voor alle Saoediërs – zowel mannen als vrouwen. In de online petitie, die inmiddels door meer dan 16.500 mensen is ondertekend, staat dat het niet meer volstaat dit recht af te wimpelen onder het motto “we wachten op maatschappelijke consensus”, maar dat er een duidelijke beslissing van de autoriteiten moet komen die vrouwen toestaat te rijden.
Ook adviseert de campagne vrouwen alleen te rijden als ze een rijbewijs hebben, een familielid of vriendin mee te nemen en dus niet alleen de weg op te gaan, niet te demonstreren, een foto of video te maken en deze zelf of via de campagne online te zetten, en als je niet kan autorijden een foto van jezelf te nemen achter het stuur als steunbetuiging:
Op de Post-It enkele belangrijke telefoonnummers, en tot slot nog advies voor de mannen:
Mannelijke burgers: leer haar autorijden. Autobestuurders: dit is je kans om je van je galante kant te laten zien. En politieagenten: dank u voor uw medewerking.
Eierstokken – en testikels
Op YouTube worden al wekenlang elke dag filmpjes ge-upload van autorijdende vrouwen in verschillende Saoedische steden. Bijvoorbeeld deze vrouw die in Riyadh autorijdt en gefilmd wordt door haar moeder, die in het filmpje uitlegt dat haar dochter rijdt omdat haar man op zijn werk is en de kinderen moeten worden opgehaald van school. De virtuele auto-optocht werd onlangs kort maar ruw onderbroken door sjeik Saleh al-Lohaidan, die zei dat autorijden schadelijk is voor de eierstokken van een vrouw. Enkele mannen vroegen zich schertsend af of zij zich dan ook zorgen moesten gaan maken om hun testikels.
Onderstaand plaatje deed de ronde op de sociale media: eierstokken vóór (plaatje rechts) en ná (plaatje links) autorijden met daaronder de vraag: “Is dit wat je wil voor je vrouwen?”.

Vrouwen maakten het plaatje onmiddellijk belachelijk: “Oh, geweldig” schreef een vrouw, “dus mijn eierstokken worden groen als ik autorijd? Wat moet ik dan doen om gouden eierstokken te krijgen?” Een andere vrouw antwoordde “Ze worden goud na het baren van je vijftiende zoon. Echt, je zult verstelt staan”. Sarcasme als wapen tegen extremisme.
Religieuze geleerden en “het blokkeren van de middelen”
Lang niet alle religieuze geleerden zijn tegen autorijden door vrouwen. Maar zij, die er wel tégen zijn, halen vaak het religieuze principe van “het blokkeren van de middelen” aan. Daarmee bedoelen zij dat alle handelingen die in zichzelf niet moreel verwerpelijk zijn maar kunnen leiden tot moreel verval niet geoorloofd zijn vanuit religieus perspectief. Autorijden door vrouwen zien zij als een handeling die, bijvoorbeeld in geval van panne, kan leiden tot het in contact komen van een vrouw met een vreemde man – hetgeen volgens deze geleerden haram, verboden is.
Ook kan autorijden leiden tot het zelfstandig op pad gaan van de vrouw, bijvoorbeeld naar een afspraakje met een vreemde man – hetgeen volgens deze geleerden haram, verboden is. En omdat mannen niet gewend zijn aan het zien van autorijdende vrouwen het kan leiden tot het lastigvallen van vrouwen door mannen – hetgeen volgens deze geleerden haram, verboden is.
Tegenstanders van autorijden voor vrouwen zeggen verder dat de Saoedische maatschappij “niet klaar is voor autorijdende vrouwen”, dat “een vrouw niet verantwoordelijk gehouden zou moeten kunnen worden voor ongelukken”, en dat “een vrouw niet zomaar blootgesteld kan worden aan de rijstijl van Saoedische mannen”.
Afgelopen dinsdag en donderdag (22 & 24 oktober) probeerden enkele vrouwen – tevergeefs – een rijbewijs aan te vragen. Op dinsdag verzamelden zich, alsof getimed om samen te vallen met de aanvraag van de vrouwen, een groep van zo’n honderd conservatieve religieuze geleerden zich voor het koninklijk paleis in Riyadh om zich uit te spreken tegen “de samenzwering van autorijdende vrouwen” en om “verwestering, vooral van vrouwen” tegen te gaan. Eerder dit jaar, toen koning Abdallah vrouwen toeliet tot zijn adviesraad, en toen vrouwen toegestaan werd in lingeriewinkels te werken, protesteerden zij ook in Riyadh. Enkele uren na het protest gaf het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken een verklaring uit, die aan de ene kant de protesterende religieuze geleerden tegemoet leek te komen en aan de andere kant juist de vrouwen. Een woordvoerder van het Ministerie gaf echter vlug aan dat autorijden door vrouwen verboden is.
Rijstijl, ongelukken, en luie mannen
Ook zijn niet alle vrouwen het eens met de nieuwe campagne. Asrar, een jonge vrouw van 19 die voor een charitatieve organisatie in Jeddah werkt, vertelde me:
“Het zou onze mannen alleen maar nog luier maken. Kijk maar naar Koeweit. Daar mogen vrouwen wel zelf autorijden, en die arme vrouwen moeten nu écht alles zelf doen.” Asrar vindt ook dat het niet veilig is voor vrouwen om auto te rijden: “In Riyadh rijden ze als gekken. Het is levensgevaarlijk op de weg. En tussen de steden…. moet ik dan van Riyadh naar Jeddah gaan rijden, duizend kilometer op lange, eenzame wegen door de woestijn, zonder faciliteiten? Veel te gevaarlijk.”
Ook haalt Asrar het eerdergenoemde argument dat mannen autorijdende vrouwen lastig zullen vallen aan:
“Wat als ik zou autorijden en een ongeluk zou krijgen? Alle politieagenten zijn mannen. Dan moet ik dus alles regelen, alleen, met een man die geen familie van me is. Ik moet er niet aan denken.”
Asrar’s vriendin Neda bekijkt dit probleem heel praktisch:
“Dan moeten ze maar vrouwelijke agentes gaan aannemen. Of mannen en vrouwen op verschillende tijdstippen laten autorijden. Of een aparte snelweg aanleggen voor vrouwen zodat iedereen langzaamaan kan wennen aan vrouwen op de weg. Opgelost!”
Neda vervolgt:
“Autorijden, het is belangrijk, maar niet het allerbelangrijkste voor de Saoedische vrouw. Een veel groter probleem is bijvoorbeeld het feit dat we voor zo’n beetje alles de toestemming van onze mannelijke voogd nodig hebben.”
Kamelen en auto’s
Een van de activistes die nu een drijvende kracht is achter de 26 oktober campagne vertelt me dat ze het wat betreft dat laatste eens is met Neda:
“Ja, de mannelijke voogd is het grootste obstakel voor de Saoedische vrouw. Maar we moeten ergens beginnen. Autorijden is de eerste stap, en de rest volgt dan wel. Als we niet kunnen autorijden, hoe kunnen we dan straks onze andere rechten uitoefenen?”
Met argumenten van religieuze geleerden dat autorijden tegen de Islam is maakt deze vrouw in één adem korte metten:
“Wat betreft die zogenaamde religieuze argumenten tégen autorijden: in de tijd van de profeet reden vrouwen op kamelen, dus waarom zouden wij nu geen auto mogen rijden? Auto’s bestonden niet eens de tijd van Mohammed, dus hoe kan de Islam nu tegen het autorijden door vrouwen zijn?”
Voorstanders van autorijden voor vrouwen, zoals deze activiste, vinden dat vrouwen zelf moeten kiezen of ze al dan niet achter het stuur kruipen. Dat vrouwen zelf van en naar hun werk, universiteit, of familie moeten kunnen rijden. Dat zij zelfstandig met de auto boodschappen moeten kunnen doen, en zelf haar kinderen naar school zou moeten kunnen brengen.
Het waren deze laatste twee dingen die Manal al-Shareef in het voorjaar van 2011 deed besluiten achter het stuur te kruipen, hetgeen haar wereldberoemd maakte. Als gescheiden vrouw, met ouders die in een stad ver weg van de hare wonen, heeft ze geen mannelijke familieleden die haar naar haar werk en andere plekken kunnen brengen, en haar zoontje naar school. Saoedi-Arabië kent geen openbaar vervoer en een privé-chauffeur – voor veel vrouwen de oplossing voor het autorijd-probleem en vaak ‘inwonend’ bij de familie voor wie hij rijdt– was voor Manal geen optie daar ze in de Saoedische maatschappij als jonge, ongetrouwde vrouw een man die geen familielid is geen onderdak kan bieden.
Hoewel Manal dus een rijbewijs heeft, is ze voor vervoer afhankelijk van taxi’s. Een prijzige en bovenal onpraktische aangelegenheid, zeker met een klein kind. Dus op 21 mei 2011 stapte Manal in de auto, startte de motor, en reed door haar stad. Ze werd gefilmd door Wajeha al-Huwaider, een prominente Saoedische vrouwenactiviste, en plaatste het filmpje op YouTube. Niet lang daarna werd Manal gearresteerd en belandde ze in de gevangenis. Pas toen haar vader bij de koning aanklopte, die haar vervolgens ‘gratie’ gaf, kon ze weer naar huis. Ze brengt nu een groot deel van haar tijd in het buitenland door. Eerder dit jaar deed Manal op TedGlobal haar verhaal (met Nederlandse ondertiteling).
Mannen
Hoewel veel mannen tégen autorijdende vrouwen zijn, of er niet echt een mening over hebben, zijn er ook mannen die het beu zijn dat vrouwen niet kunnen autorijden. Abdallah, een student van 22, vertelt me: “We kunnen vrouwen niet voor altijd als minderjarigen blijven behandelen. Plus, het is ook gewoon heel praktisch. Ik heb helemaal geen zin om mijn zussen en moeder maar rond te blijven rijden. Ik heb wel wat beters te doen met mijn tijd. En wie betaalt de chauffeur? Juist, de man in het gezin. Het is hartstikke duur. Dat geld kunnen we wel beter besteden.” Het zijn veelgehoorde argumenten, vooral van mannen.
En het zijn ook niet alleen vrouwen die foto’s en filmpjes van zichzelf achter het stuur delen op de sociale media. Ook enkele mannen twitteren foto’s van hun autorijdende vrouw, zoals Abdullah al-Alami. Al-Alami is een Saoedische schrijver die enkele jaren geleden het boek “Wanneer zal de Saoedische vrouw autorijden?”schreef. In 2012 nog diende hij een voorstel in bij de adviesraad van de koning, maar hij mocht zijn voorstel niet komen toelichten. Veel van de filmpjes die mannen uploaden laten zien hoe zij hun vrouw of zus leren autorijden.

Ook gaan er opnames rond van mannen die hun steun uitspreken voor de vrouwen. En zowel het logo als de slogan van de campagne (zie hiernaast) zijn ontworpen door een man. En enkele mannelijke advocaten hebben reeds toegezegd bereid te zijn vrouwen bij te staan die door autorijden in de problemen komen met de autoriteiten.
Hoeren en taarten
Wanneer de Saoedische vrouw zal autorijden is een vraag die de 47 vrouwen die tijdens het allereerste protest van november 1990 in optocht door Riyadh reden zich met regelmaat stellen. Het was toen de tijd van de Golfoorlog, tijdens welke westerse (Amerikaanse) troepen gestationeerd waren in Saoedi-Arabië. De actie van de vrouwen werd, onder andere wegens die politieke situatie, slecht ontvangen in het land. De vrouwen werden beschuldigd van het proberen te verwesteren van het land, een buitenlandse agenda na te streven, en de eenheid van het land te willen breken. Zij die voor de overheid werkten werden op staande voet ontslagen, en de vrouwen én hun mannen mochten een tijd lang het land niet verlaten. Ook werden de vrouwen publiekelijk voor hoer uitgemaakt.
De vrouwen van toen komen nog steeds elke jaar in november bijeen om een taart te eten met een auto erop, om hun historische actie van november 1990 te herinneren. Ze hopen dat de groepsfoto die ze maakten in 1990 vlak na hun protest ooit in een museum komt te hangen.
Vrouwen als bliksemafleider voor politieke hervormingen
De afgelopen weken kregen de actievoerende vrouwen meer ruimte van de Saoedische autoriteiten voor hun acties dan tijdens de eerdere campagnes van 1990 en 2011. Eén van de drijvende krachten achter de campagne werd op 16 oktober van de weg geplukt en meegenomen naar een politiebureau, waar zij én haar mannelijke voogd een verklaring moesten ondertekenen dat ze het niet weer zou doen.
Toch gaan er nog steeds vrouwen de weg op, en vrijwel allemaal zonder tegengehouden te worden door de autoriteiten. Zoals deze vrouw, die tweemaal politie passeert die niet ingrijpt. Maar de ruimte die deze vrouwen krijgen gaat niet enkel om het autorijden zelf: vrouwen functioneren als nationale bliksemafleider in het land, zowel vanwege binnenlandse- als buitenlandse politiek.
Ja, vrouwen mogen stemmen en zich verkiesbaar stellen in de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen van 2015. En ja, in januari benoemde koning Abdullah, die overigens door de meeste vrouwen wordt gezien als zijnde “met de Saoedische vrouw”, 30 vrouwen tot lid van zijn adviesraad. Ja, vrouwen mogen sinds kort fietsen (zie ook mijn column “Een Filmpje Pakken in Saoedi-Arabië” over de Oscargenomineerde film die hierover ging). En ja, in sommige beroepen mogen vrouwen nu werken zonder toestemming van hun mannelijke voogd. Het zijn ontwikkelingen die, net als de autorijdcampagne, allemaal krantenkoppen zijn in de internationale media. Maar wat er intussen óók in het land gebeurt is een crackdown op activisten die meer structurele hervormingen voorstaan op bijvoorbeeld politiek of justitieel gebied.
Zo werden begin dit jaar de mensenrechtenactivisten Mohammed al-Qahtani en Abdulla al-Hamid tot respectievelijk 10 en 11 jaar gevangenisstraf veroordeeld voor “het verbreken van de alliantie met de koning” en “het opzetten van een ongeoorloofde organisatie” (de Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association). De activist Raif Badawi werd drie maanden geleden veroordeeld voor het oprichten van het internetforum “Free Saudi Liberal” waarmee hij volgens de rechter “islamitische waarden schaadt en het liberale gedachtegoed propageert”. De rechtbank heeft de website doen sluiten en veroordeelde Raif tot 7 jaar gevangenisstraf en 600 zweepslagen. En dan heeft hij in zeker opzicht nog “geluk”: in 2012 werd hij beschuldigd van afvalligheid, waar in Saoedi-Arabië de doodstraf op staat.
En slechts enkele weken geleden werd mensenrechtenactivist Waleed Abualkhair, oprichter van de Monitor of Human Rights in Saudi Arabia opgepakt voor het organiseren van discussiebijeenkomsten (diwaniya’s) in zijn huis in Jeddah. Abualkhair is de advocaat van eerdergenoemde Qahtani en Hamid, en advocaat en schoonbroer van Raif Badawi. Abualkhair werd snel weer vrijgelaten, maar hij en zijn vrouw vrezen dat dit van korte duur zal zijn.
Ook vrouwenactivisten zijn doelwit: de bekende activistes Wajeha al-Huwaider (die in mei 2011 de autorijdende Manal al-Shareef filmde) en Fawzia al-Oyouni, die zich inzetten voor een vrouw die zei dat zij en haar kinderen door haar man zonder eten en drinken in huis werden opgesloten, werden recentelijk veroordeeld voor “het opzetten van een vrouw tegen haar echtgenoot”. De twee vrouwen denken dat deze veroordeling meer gaat over hun eerdere activiteiten als activisten dan om dit specifieke geval.
Tientallen activisten mogen het land niet meer uitreizen. Hun aantal neemt nog steeds toe. Vele anderen worden beschuldigd van zaken als “het opzetten van ongeoorloofde organisaties” en “het geven van een verwrongen beeld van Saoedi-Arabië”. Weer anderen worden de stilte in geïntimideerd. Juist dit zijn zaken die internationaal veelal onderbelicht blijven en níet de internationale voorpagina’s behalen, maar veelzeggend zijn over de houding van het regime ten opzichte van hervormingen. “Saoedische vrouwen” zijn een onderwerp waar zowel de internationale media als het Saoedische publiek zich druk mee bezighoudt. En onderwijl gaat het inperken van de weinige ruimte die (mensenrechten)activisten hadden gestaag door. Vrouwen als bliksemafleider dus, zowel vanwege binnenlandse- als buitenlandse politiek.
Zaterdag 26 oktober
Aanstaande zaterdag zullen vrouwen, net als de afgelopen weken, met hun rijbewijs op zak en het logo van de campagne op hun autoruit, de weg op gaan. De instructies zijn duidelijk: neem een familielid mee, ga niet met meer dan twee auto’s tegelijk de straat op, maak er geen demonstratie van, en doe geen gekke dingen. Ga gewoon, zelf, je dagelijkse activiteiten ondernemen. Manal al-Shareef heeft in een interview al aangegeven dat “26 oktober” een maandelijkse event zou moeten worden, totdat de eerste Saoedische vrouw haar rijbewijs krijgt.
Zal het lukken? Er zijn negatieve en positieve indicatoren. Een enkele vrouw is meegenomen naar een politiebureau – maar snel weer vrijgelaten. Mid-september werd de campagnewebsite snel na het openen uit de lucht gehaald – maar een nieuwe site was snel online en is nog steeds beschikbaar. Het hoofd van de religieuze politie zei vorige maand: “Er staat niets in de shari’a dat vrouwen verbiedt auto te rijden”. Enkele vrouwelijke leden van de adviesraad van de koning hebben inmiddels voorgesteld dat vrouwen mogen autorijden .
Dit alles lijkt te wijzen op een milder wordende houding van de autoriteiten ten opzichte van dit onderwerp. Aan de andere kant zou de toegenomen spanning van de afgelopen dagen kunnen leiden tot een steviger optreden van de autoriteiten.
Intussen gaat het uploaden van de filmpjes van en door autorijdende vrouwen door. Wat de filmpjes gemeen hebben is hun kader: namelijk de nadruk op de noodzaak voor vrouwen om auto te rijden. De boodschap is duidelijk: het gaat niet om plezier en frivoliteiten, maar om kinderen naar school brengen, een ziek familielid in het ziekenhuis opzoeken, en van en naar het werk te komen. Ook de continuïteit is opvallend: de actie is geen éénmalig evenement, zoals een provocerende optocht van autorijdende vrouwen in een land waar demonstraties verboden zijn, maar een campagne van vrouwelijke ongehoorzaamheid die geleidelijk aan steeds meer tractie krijgt. Noodzaak en geleidelijkheid als een slimme tactiek om de lange weg naar autorijden mee op te rijden.
Wil je de campagne van dichtbij volgen de komende dagen? Hieronder enkele links:
Zelf wat doen? Uit al toeterend je steun via de “Honk for Saudi Women Campaign” op Twitter of Facebook.
Annemarie van Geel (1981) ontving haar Masterdiploma in Internationale Betrekkingen met het Midden-Oosten als specialisatie van de Universiteit van Cambridge in 2003. Ze heeft gewoond in Egypte, de Westelijke Jordaanoever, Syrië en Jemen en reisde uitgebreid door de regio. Ze heeft gewerkt bij Instituut Clingendael, het voormalig ISIM (International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World) en de Midden-Oosten afdeling van Amnesty International Nederland. Sinds 2011 begon is ze als promovendus verbonden aan de afdeling Islam en Arabisch van de Radboud Universiteit te Nijmegen waar ze onderzoek doet naar gender segregatie in Saoedi-Arabië en Koeweit. Annemarie van Geel heeft haar eigen website Faraasha.nl, waar dit stuk eerder is verschenen.
Posted on October 7th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Activism, Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Multiculti Issues, Notes from the Field, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Every now and then Israeli politicians visit the Netherlands. Last year Netanyahu was here. Last week Israeli President Peres was in the Netherlands. One of the events in which he participated was the TV show Collegetour where in a one-to-one interview a guest is confronted with questions from the audience; mostly students. This concept has already produced several interesting episodes. The episode with Peres was, in my opinion, quite boring. There weren’t many critical questions but at one point this changed. Look at the next fragment (it’s in English, with Dutch subtitles).
video appears after 30 seconds
On the Dutch blog Wij Blijven Hier (We are here to stay) Nazir Bibi Naeem, the lady who asked the question reported about her experience. Interestingly she describes it as a bodily experience:
“My heart pounded. For a moment I thought I would hyperventilate because I was so nervous. There were threehundred people in the room. Enough security. And something I’m not used to at all: cameras and a microphone. But it was also something I really looked forward to. I concentrated on my breathing and I realized that I did not want to go home like others to say I saw mr. Peres. No. I was going to say something. Mind you, not ask, but SAY something.
I stood up and fortunately the presenter saw me. He pointed at me and the microphone came to me. I took a deep breath and said one of the things I could have said. I tried to stay calm, because I did not want to come across as ‘that angry girl with the little headscarf’. I sat down after my ‘question’. An uncomfortable look appeared on the face of the presenter, which I would translate as ‘Boy, that escalated quickly’.
She did not really bother about the answer (‘Yeah yeah. Talk yourself out of it, again.) After the meeting was over, the audience applauded and left, she stayed for a moment. When she left, she received several compliments from the audience, but her reaction was: “People. Please. Don’t. Do. that. If you believe in something, stand up. Literally.” She wanted to take the opportunity to criticize Peres not only among likeminded people, but in a meeting where she could confront him.
I’m interested in this relation between modes of activism and bodily experiences. What Nazir Bibi Nazeem so vividly describes here is probably familiar to everyone who has spoken in public and who has spoken out on issues that are close to one’s heart. With her saying that she doesn’t want to appear as the angry girl with the little headscarf she appears to refer to a common stereotype in Dutch Islam debates about angry Muslims (called ‘booslims’; a combination of the Dutch word for angry – boos – and Muslim – moslim). Not much is needed to get that stereotype imposed; speaking out is sufficient. Trying to remain calm and reserved and speaking clearly she apparently realizes that her body is part of what signifies an accepted but (in the case of Muslims) not expected mode of debating.
What public speakers often do is cultivating self-control but at the same time the body is never completely in control. Many noted, in the above example, president Peres appeared physically uncomfortable when the question was asked. As indeed most of the questions were not very critical and he could indeed elaborate on how Israel was to be protected, this question probably came as an unpleasant surprise. Others however, on Twitter, stated that her remarks were displaying a lack of respect and decency, referred to her as ‘angry little headscarf’ and ‘radical Muslims’ (yes, there you go) ‘agressive’ and thought Peres responded with dignity, wisdom and grace.
The way a public speaker sees him/herself (body image) and tries to model herself into the accepted ways of debating shows and gives him/her a sense of place in the world and a connection to others. A person’s body image and the ways in which he/she tries to shape it, influence posture, movement, tactility and speaking out and is informed by the idea the speaker has of other bodies and that other bodies have of the speaker. People’s bodies therefore are not separated from the mind nor are they merely physical entities. The body is the medium through which the mind speaks and there is a myriad of ways in which society is inscribed on the body. Furthermore it is not that the body just stands for the accepted modes of public speaking, it ís speaking as the speaker’s reference to angry Muslims and headscarves illustrate.
Posted on September 4th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
25/05/2011 – Raised in Cairo in the 1940’s, by a generation of women who never wore the veil or headscarf, Leila Ahmed set out to discover why so many women now wear the veil, and what this shift means for women, Islam and the West.
Leila Ahmed, who is the Victor S. Thomas Professor of Divinity at the Harvard Divinity School, will be joining us at the Club in conversation with Azadeh Moaveni, Iranian-American writer, journalist and author of Lipstick Jihad, to discuss her new book A Quiet Revolution: The Veil’s Resurgence, from the Middle East to America and her surprising discoveries about Muslim women, Islamism and democracy.
At a time when both Islamist and democratic forces are dramatically changing the Middle East, Leila Ahmed’s analysis of the resurgence of the veil from Egypt to Saudi Arabia challenges many assumptions about women’s rights and activism.
Leila Ahmed was the first professor of Women’s Studies in Religion at Harvard University and is author of Women and Gender in Islam.
Posted on July 24th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Islam in the Netherlands, islamophobia, Multiculti Issues, Notes from the Field, Public Islam, Ritual and Religious Experience, Some personal considerations.
Afgelopen weken was er weer het prachtige schouwspel van de Tour de France. Renners die, al dan niet met doping, zich het leplazarus fietsen, her en der een elleboogstoot uitdelen, levensgevaarlijke afdalingen induiken, zich zo inspannen in de brandende zon dat ze zowel van binnen als van buiten verschroeien, onzacht in aanraking komen met het asfalt, enzovoorts. Maar vooral strijd leveren op de fiets. I love it. Toen ik vorige week op Facebook vroeg wat de overeenkomsten waren tussen de Tour de France en de vasten tijdens Ramadan, kwamen daar interessante reacties op. Natuurlijk is er meer over beide fenomenen te vertellen dan deze vergelijking, maar het idee van een beproeving is toch wel centraal in de beleving van veel mensen die ik door de jaren heen gesproken heb.
Echt renner
Je bent pas prof als je de Tour rijdt/hebt gereden zei Eddy Planckaert in het RTL programma Tour du Jour. Met andere woorden je bent pas volledig als renner wanneer je je onderwerpt aan één van de meest zware regimes van de wielersport: de Ronde van Frankrijk. Daarvoor traint men, daarvoor bereidt men zich voor inandere zware wedstrijden, ja daarvoor gebruikt men zelfs ongezonde doping middelen en daarvoor hongert men zich uit. En als je je zo voldoende hebt afgebeuld, dan ga je je nog eens afbeulen in de Tour op een nog uitputtender niveau en als je het uitrijdt ben je pas echt wielrenner. Mooi is dat (echt waar!).
Daarbij doet men dat weliswaar deels uit vrije wil, maar deels ook omdat het moet. Waar de Tour misschien niet eens het zwaarste parcours heeft van alle wedstrijden (de Vuelta en de Giro zijn wel eens zwaarder op papier) is de vorm en de conditie van de belangrijkste renners zo hoog, hechten media en sponsors zoveel belang aan deze wedstrijd dat je wel gedwongen bent om er te staan: voor jezelf, je ploegmaten en de media. Als je geen kopman bent (en de meesten zijn dat niet) dan zijn het anderen die bepalen wat je moet doen en hoe je het moet doen. Als je wel kopman bent dan ben je nog steeds onderworpen aan het regime van de Tour organisatie, media, sponsors, enzovoorts.
Als renner onderwerp je je dus aan een regime van regels, praktijken en sociale druk die deels buiten jou vorm krijgt en je opgelegd wordt. Tegelijkertijd zet je zelf als renner ook die stap want je hebt het motto geïnternaliseerd dat dit de belangrijkste wedstrijd van het jaar is, dat je mee moet doen om echt renner te zijn. Zo onderwerp je je aan dat regime en aan de hiërarchie, internaliseer je die, draag je het uit en reproduceer je het dus.
Zo leert de Tour ons een belangrijke les over vrijheid, dwang, onderwerping en zelfrealisering. Je realiseert je doelen en je realiseert wie je graag zou willen zijn, door je te onderwerpen aan een bepaald geheel van regels, praktijken en hiërarchieën. Je denkt dat je dat zelf doet en dat is ook zo, maar tegelijkertijd komt dat regime tot stand zonder jou en zal het ook bestaan zonder jou. De condities die ervoor zorgen dat je onderworpen bent aan dit regime zorgen er ook voor dat je een handelend persoon bent die werkt aan zelfverwezenlijking.
Religie, onderwerping en zelfverwezenlijking: de Vasten
Religie is in feite ook zoiets. Een ‘grand regime’ waaraan je jezelf onderwerpt en waarbinnen je je leven wil inrichten en realiseren. De vasten is een mini-regime. Zeker bekeerlingen geven vaak aan dat, na de getuigenis, de eerste keer dat ze meedoen aan de vastenmaand ook het moment is waarop ze zich écht moslim voelden. Veel kinderen willen graag met de vastenmaand meedoen. Bij jonge kinderen wordt er dan vaak geoefend: een paar dagen of een weekje mogen ze meedoen en meer niet. Soms zorgen ouders ervoor dat ze dan nog wel drinken. In de puberteit verandert dit en worden ze toch wel geacht serieus mee te doen. Er zijn er die dan stiekem toch eten en drinken maar voor velen lijkt, zeker de eerste keer, vasten een serieuze aangelegenheid getuige ook de vele vragen over wat nu wel en niet mag tijdens de vasten.
Toen ik in juni voorafgaand aan de maand Ramadan in Engeland was, waren veel van mijn gesprekspartners al aan het ‘oefenen’ voor de Ramadan. Af en toe een dag vasten. Anderen deden dat wat regelmatiger en vasten bijvoorbeeld door het jaar heen met enige regelmaat op vaste dagen in de week. De laatste dagen voordat het Ramadan wordt, is er altijd (behalve onder Turkse moslims) enige onzekerheid over de precieze aanvang van die maand. De anticipatie, de verwachtingen en het verlangen naar het begin zoals dat uit verhalen van veel mensen duidelijk wordt, is nog het best te vergelijken met de geestdriftige onrust voor pakjesavond onder veel kinderen en volwassenen: het heerlijk avondje komt eraan!
De vasten is voor velen niet alleen religieus, maar ook een sociaal fenomeen. En voor enkelen telt alleen het sociale. Het gaat er niet alleen om je op en top moslim te voelen en te worden, maar ook om op en top deel uit te maken van de sociale kring waar je bij wil horen. Dat gaat gepaard met veel plezier, saamhorigheid en onderlinge steun, maar ook met problemen zoals concentratieproblemen tijdens werken en studeren, sommige mensen worden sjagrijnig als ze honger hebben (ik ook overigens ook!), en zeker nu met de hitte en de zeer lange duur van de dagelijkse vastentijd met het nodige gepuf, gesteun en geklaag.
Vrouwen nemen daarbij een bijzondere positie in. Op dagen dat zij menstrueren kunnen ze niet deelnemen aan de vasten en ook niet aan de speciale gebeden. Dit dienen zij later weer in te halen want ja ‘de vasten wacht op niemand’. Volgens sommigen is hun beproeving daarmee nog net even wat groter dan die van de mannen want tegelijkertijd wordt er natuurlijk wel van hen verwacht dat ze de heerlijkste gerechten op tafel zetten. Je wil daarbij natuurlijk ook weer niet van de daken schreeuwen dat je vandaag niet vast en zeker in Gouda heb ik gezien hoe creatief en sterk vrouwen met deze delicate kwesties omgaan, maar ook hoe zwaar dat emotioneel, spiritueel en fysiek voor hen kan zijn.
De politiek van het vasten
Tegelijkertijd speelt dit alles zich natuurlijk af in een bepaalde sociale en politieke context; in Nederland in een samenleving waarin sommige mensen uit islamofobische motieven niet heel veel op hebben met moslims en hen ronduit haten (en sommige moslims vice versa) en waarin anderen (moslims en niet-moslims) juist proberen de maand Ramadan (in het bijzonder de iftar-maaltijd) proberen in te passen in een seculier raamwerk van integratie en dialoog; de vasten is dan ook een maatschappelijk issue en een politiek issue. En niet te vergeten een commerciële zaak wat goed te zien is aan de Ramadanschappen in de supermarkten waarover overigens maar heel terughoudend geadverteerd wordt.
Maar ook het meer alledaagse niveau is van belang. Immers niet iedereen vast in dit land en soms zijn er aanpassingen nodig van die mensen om mensen die wél vasten tegemoet te komen en vice versa. Dat kan simpelweg gaan om afspraken wanneer te werken en dergelijke, maar soms kan de vasten ook irritaties opleveren op het werk en op school wanneer mensen minder geconcentreerd en productief zijn. Niets bijzonders. Ik durf de stelling wel aan dat ook WK/EK voetbal en de Tour leiden tot lagere productiviteit om nog maar even niet te spreken over Luilak, Carnaval, Sinterklaas en Kerst. Dat geeft ook niks maar het kan wel handig zijn als daar afspraken over worden gemaakt.
Daarnaast zijn er moslims en anderen die het recht claimen om publiekelijk niet te vasten. Said el Hajji schreef er vorig jaar over op De Jaap en ik heb er vorig jaar ook over geschreven en meer recent nog in het magazine MoslimVandaag (koop dat blad!). Ook dat kan de nodige spanningen oproepen zeker wanneer het over een weer (tussen mensen die vasten en niet-vasten) gemoraliseerd en gepolitiseerd wordt.
De Beproeving
Tot slot spelen natuurlijk ook gezondheidsissues een rol. Als je ziek bent hoef je niet mee te vasten, maar velen willen dat toch en soms tegen beter weten in. Maar zeker nu in de zomer met behoorlijke temperaturen en de lange tijd waarop mensen niet eten en drinken en is de vasten sowieso een Tour du Force. Het is dan ook goed dat artsen tegenwoordig adviezen geven voor de vasten, bijvoorbeeld voor mensen met diabetes. Maar dat de vasten zwaar is, dat hoort er voor velen bij. Net zo goed als dat de Tour de France niet haar reputatie heeft gekregen doordat het de makkelijkste koers onder de makkelijkste omstandigheden is, is de vasten ook bedoeld als beproeving.
Op die manier werkt de vasten net zoals trainen voor en het fietsen van de Tour, of het volgen van een pittige opleiding. Mensen stellen zich bloot, onderwerpen zich aan en conformeren zich aan een bepaalde discipline die hen fysiek, sociaal en spiritueel een bepaalde gewaarwording en virtuositeit brengt en hen socialiseert als renner, gelovige, deskundige, enzovoorts. Natuurlijk is de vasten geen wedstrijd wie de beste moslim is, maar het idee van een beproeving is voor velen wel centraal zo blijkt uit de verhalen en studies. Het ondergaan van die beproeving, het op de proef gesteld worden en jezelf op de proef stellen maakt de vasten tot wat het sociaal en spiritueel gezien is: een oefening in de toewijding aan God en aan je ‘eigen’ groep.
Posted on May 12th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Public Islam, Ritual and Religious Experience.
A few days ago BBC’s Panorama aired an undercover report on the so-called British sharia councils. The program was pitched as an exposé of the secrets of British sharia councils. The program wasn’t as revealing as it suggested; it only showed sessions of the Leyton council, it basically recycled several cases and allegations that were already reported in a booklet Equal and Free? Evidence in support of Baroness Cox’s Arbitration and Mediation Services (Equality) Bill (Researched and Drafted by barrister Charlotte Rachael Proudman; an adviser to Baroness Cox). London: Equal and Free, 2012. The executive summary states:
2. There is growing concern over the emergence of a ‘quasi-legal’ system operating in parallel with our own which violates the principles of equality before the law and which is based on religiously sanctioned gender discrimination.
3. The establishment of Muslim arbitration tribunals and the growth of Sharia Councils may be welcomed in so far as they relieve British courts from pressure and provide perceived theologically appropriate resolutions to commercial and other disputes, whether under the Arbitration Act or via voluntary mediation.
4. However, often based on inherently gender-discriminatory principles, or operating outside their legal limits, they have also often been the cause of much suffering for women in this country.
5. One British Muslim woman claims; ‘I’m speaking as a British Muslim – I would like to say that I feel terribly let down by the British State, with its schizophrenic response to the law, its own law, its abrogation of its responsibility to safeguarding rights of Muslim women.’
6. Many Muslim women claim they came to Britain hoping to escape the injustice of Sharia law – and found their plight is worse here than in their countries of origin.
7. The injustice inherent in religiously sanctioned discrimination is often compounded by intimidation: pressure from families and communities often prevents women from seeking their legal redress available in civil law.
8. Although the UK Government claims that all UK citizens have equal rights and access to the law of the land, this ‘de jure’ right is not a ‘de facto’ reality.
9. This report provides evidence of the problems and suffering of Muslim women in Britain today, including:
condoning of domestic violence by Sharia courts and councils; asymmetrical access to divorce; rulings regarding child custody that ignore the best interests of the child; discriminatory policies defining the testimonies of women as being only worth half that of men; and the denial of the concept of marital rape.
Both the booklet and this episode of BBC Panorama should be seen against the background of the proposed bill by the Baroness Cox trying to restrict the sharia-councils in Britain. You can watch the program here:
I find programs like these not very helpful in understanding the complexities as to why and how Muslim women and men use these councils and how problems associated with the practices of these councils can be addressed. Certainly, based upon the studies known to me, it is clear the sharia councils could do a much better job in resolving domestic violence; an environment that is sensitive to cultural and religious issues might be the way to go but there is still much work to be done (as it is in wider UK society, or the Netherlands for that matter). Anthropologist John Bowen, who is conducting a study of two councils, published an excellent response in The Guardian:
[…]a different picture emerges from the several academic studies of the councils and their clients: imperfect institutions responding to a demand for a religious (not a legal) service. Firstly, let’s recognise that we have so many media accounts of sharia councils because they have opened their doors widely to the press. […]
Are they “parallel legal systems”?
They provide a religious divorce that has no civil-law effect, as do councils serving other UK religious communities, of which the Beth Din is the best known. […]Do the councils discriminate against women?
Well, the major monotheisms do discriminate against women, each in its own way. Muslim men and women have unequal divorce powers: a man can divorce his wife without her consent, whereas a woman needs to either persuade him to do so or to ask a judge or, in lands without Islamic judges, a sharia council, to end the marriage. […] But the sharia councils did not create this particular divorce inequality; they are a response to it.Do they charge women higher fees than men? Yes, generally twice as much, because for men they simply issue a certificate, whereas granting a woman a divorce is a more lengthy procedure, involving multiple letters to notify the husband and the chance for him to present his case, regardless of his country of residence. […]
Do they encourage violence toward women? No: as the Leyton council member said, even in the highly edited Panorama report, “this is not allowed”. […]
Do some councils seem out of touch with gender roles in the UK? I think so. Learned in religious matters, some councillors are less so in navigating the British social world. As a new generation, including more women, takes on these roles, the tone of council sessions will change as well. Indeed, it is already happening in some newer councils. Balanced media criticism, based on objectively gathered evidence, could remind them how important these changes will be.
Do read his full article HERE. The program did address several issues of concern such as advise on domestic violence. The Mosques and Imams National Advisory Board issued a statement ‘seeking self-regulation of shariah councils:
In this context we should like to emphasise that Shariah Councils are voluntary bodies which function by agreement of parties to a dispute. No person, male or female, can be forced to appear before a Shariah Council nor do the Shariah Councils have any legal powers of enforcing their conclusions or their suggested remedies. A party who feels aggrieved or dissatisfied with decision or conclusion of a Shariah Council is free to seek remedy from Civil Courts. […]The MINAB recognises that the current system of Shariah Councils requires reform in the following ways:
Read more HERE.
Also the Islamic Sharia Council responded to the program:
The underhand manner in which the BBC recently made its Panorama programme, ( “Secrets of Britain’s shariah councils” ), with secret recordings and edited conversations taken totally out of context is a testament to the declining standards among many journalists. Clearly the recommendations of the Leveson report into press standards have not been learned yet. It seems that Panorama had a pre-determined agenda and stereotype of how shariah councils operate, and they ensured that a round peg was forced to fit the square hole of this agenda. Veracity and justice were the first victims of Panorama’s diatribe against the Islamic Shariah Council. Baroness Cox is upset because her proposed private members Bill against shariah councils has not achieved the support she wants in Parliament, so a programme to discredit the ISC had to be manufactured. Her claim that the shariah councils run a parallel legal system is another fabrication designed to increase the sense of mistrust of Muslims that already exists in wider society.
The ISC takes a harsh stance on domestic violence. Women who cite domestic abuse in their applications for divorce are advised strongly to report it to the police. In January and February of 2013, the ISC decided 33 cases of judicial divorce in which domestic abuse was a factor. In not a single case were the women advised to return to their husbands, or to tolerate the abuse, or to avoid the police. Divorce was granted in all these cases.
The Panorama programme shows an undercover reporter pretending to be a victim of marital abuse, who is then told by Dr Hasan and his wife not to go to the police. Nazir Afzal, Chief Crown Prosecutor for the North-West, is quick to condemn the ISC without hearing what the secret reporter had actually said to the ISC.
You can read their full statement HERE.
A group called Women4Sharia put a response on Youtube:
Posted on April 10th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Multiculti Issues.
The framing is a little problematic I think: ‘this is not a normal footy team, but a female footy team, Muslim women playing footy’. At the same it does challenge all kinds of stereotypes and boundaries.
Posted on March 15th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Activism, Arts & culture, Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Headline, Morocco.
Guest Author: Hasna Ankal

Little sister of Amina Filalli holding the picture of Amina. © Riley Dufurrena
Nadir Bouhmouch, a 22-year-old film student in the US, was determined to shoot a documentary during his summer vacation in Morocco. The suicide of the 16-year-old Amina Filali from Larache, who presumably was forced to marry her rapist, gave him the idea to use her story as the main topic for a documentary about women’s rights in his country of birth. He named the film 475 – When Marriage Becomes Punishment, with 475 referring to the article of the Moroccan penal code that made Filali’s marriage possible.
Bouhmouch released the film online on 21 February this year, in commemoration of another Moroccan woman: on 21 February 2011 Fadoua Laroui set herself on fire after she was excluded from a social housing scheme as a single mother. He also chose February because in that month the 20 February Movement, a Moroccan movement that organises demonstrations for democracy, marked its second anniversary.
As a way to protest he didn’t ask the Moroccan authorities for permission to make the documentary. “We didn’t want any permission”, he says. By ‘we’ he is referring to the members of Guerrilla Cinema, a collective of young Moroccan film makers who want to make films without censorship. “To make films without permission is a form of civil disobedience. This is a protest against the government’s regulation of films. We didn’t want to be endorsed by something we don’t believe in.”
For Bouhmouch and his crew the obstacles were limited to a few questionings by local judges and a wali (regional governor) who allowed the film makers to film because they were students. Sometimes it’s obvious the film was made by students lacking expensive professional material. “That was to not attract any attention. It’s a clandestine way of making films at Guerrilla Cinema: not always with a big stick with a microphone, no big camera and no interviews in public. We minimised our crew and that has aesthetic and technical consequences.”

The film crew during an interview with the father of Amina Filali in Larache, August 2012. © Hamza Mahfoudi
The idea for the documentary came a year ago when Moroccan activists started a discussion in Morocco about women’s rights and the unjust laws. “I didn’t even know such a law existed, or at least not in the way media presented it, because it sounded very barbaric.” Based on article 475 of the Moroccan penal code a rapist could avoid punishment if he would marry his victim. Could, because in January 2013 the minister of Justice announced plans to change this law.
When watching the film it soon becomes clear there are different versions to Filali’s story. “We don’t know what exactly happened either”, Bouhmouch says. “The media presented a typical orientalist story of a Muslim girl who became a victim of what is illustrated as a barbaric culture. We discovered that there were different stories. I think Amina had a relationship, but got raped while she was in that relationship. The Moroccan government doesn’t recognise rape within a relationship or marriage. We discovered a very complex story and that is what the media missed.” Bouhmouch concludes further that Amina’s family wanted a marriage after her relationship became public, and that her rapist’s parents didn’t want a daughter-in-law who lost her virginity. “So her parents brought the case to court to force them to get married. For girls like Amina in that situation there is no other option but to agree.”
In his film Bouhmouch shows a second story: that of the second wife of Amina Filali’s father. This woman reveals how her husband is making her life hell with abuse. This story sharply contrasts with her husband declaring in front of the camera how he mourns his daughter’s fate and wishes no woman would be treated like that. “His attitude resembles that of the Moroccan government. It is extremely patriarchal: it discriminates women in its own country but then talks about how it fights inequality in international fora”, Bouhmouch explains.
‘It’s not your fault’
But for the film crew the goal of the documentary was not to change the law, but to restart a discussion about feminism. Bouhmouch: “I don’t want to tell people what to think of the case. I am a man too and have been exposed to a patriarchal society in both Morocco and the United States, so I also have this type of mindset.” The women in his crew reminded him of this. “Working with Houda Lamqaddam was great”, he says. Lamqaddam, 21 years old and a student in computer science and communication, became a rape victim when she was 17. She is a co-producer and narrator of 475 – When Marriage Becomes Punishment.
Last year when many Moroccans were discussing the death of Amina Filali and women’s rights online, Lamqaddam wrote on her blog about her experience as a rape victim. “I wanted to enter into the debate with my voice. I wanted to say to people that they should stop with the way they talk about rape victims. It was all about ‘how they feel’ and ‘what they should do’. For once I wanted to speak out myself.” On her blog she called on other girls and women to not hesitate to file a complaint if they were raped. ‘It’s not your fault’, she reassured them. She also wrote about how her family supported her all along. “Online I also received support after writing my story, but it felt so unfair: this support should go to a lot more women.”

The crew with Khadija Riyadi (president of the Moroccan human rights association AMDH). From left to right: Layla Belmahi, Nadir Bouhmouch, Khadija Riyadi, Amina Benalioulha, Youness Belghazi, Houda Lamqaddam and Hamza Mahfoudi. © Naji Tbel
It is Lamqaddam with whom the second wife of Amina Filali’s father shares her story in the film. “That was heartbreaking”, says Lamqaddam. “First because she told us a story no one had asked about. There were journalists and activists who went to talk with Amina Filali’s family and neighbours, but as a second wife she stayed in the background. She came to us herself. We were there with three people who had inferior filming equipment and an Iphone while the rest of the crew was elsewhere. She spoke, we recorded, and it felt as if there was nothing we could do for her.” Now this second wife is in contact with women’s organisations who could help her get a divorce.
Whether such women’s organisations can bring feminism forward in Morocco is a question to which Lamqaddam’s answer is mixed. “There are women who do a really good job, but their hands are tied by the government. Actually there are two kinds of women’s organisations. Either they exist for ‘make believe’: to show on television how we have human rights organisations in Morocco and to show to foreign government bodies that our government cares about women’s rights, because that is often a condition for financial support. Or there are women’s organisations of people who actually want to do something but can’t, because of the state structure that blocks them.”
‘Embarrassing’
The 18-year-old Layla Belmahi, another co-producer of 475 – When Marriage Becomes Punishment, also thinks the situation of Moroccan women deserves more attention. Belmahi is the founder of Woman Choufouch, the Moroccan version of the SlutWalk that denounces sexual harassment in the streets of Morocco. “Moroccan verbal harassment often start with the expression ‘Woman choufouch?’ (‘Can’t we even look?’)”, she explains. “We don’t just want media attention when a rape victim dies.” According to Belmahi Moroccan media and institutions make the work of women’s organisations unnecessarily difficult. “When an association wants a campaign on television, it has to pay the same airtime fee companies pay.” Until now Belmahi didn’t organise a demonstration against street harassment, but she and her supporters did participate with other associations in a sit-in for victims like Amina Filali.
Woman Choufouch, Guerrilla Cinema and the 20 February Movement have in common that they are led by the young generation of Moroccans who demand respect for human rights. Belmahi: “Activists are the most sensitive people in a society. They are the first to notice problems, to understand where they come from and to have the courage to denounce them.” Lamqaddam’s experience brings in a nuance. She noticed this kind of activists, too, sometimes see feminism as a luxury. “This even goes for some of my friends in the 20 February Movement who describe themselves as human rights activists or anarchists. If you talk with them about men and women, it’s still about the same gender roles. The way they talk about female politicians is embarrassing. For example, they nicknamed Nabila Mounib, who is the head of the socialist political party PSU, milf. That stands for mother I’d like to fuck. That’s how they describe attractive older women. This is something universal. Everytime I try to say something about this I’m the ‘hysterical feminist with no sense of humor’.”
That this mentality exists within the 20 February Movement troubles Lamqaddam. “The last thing we need is another structure that calls itself independent, free and positive and at the same time brings oppression with it.”
To watch the English version of the film:
Arab Version: HERE.
Hasna Ankal is editor of al.arte.magazine, journalist at Belgian newspaper Het Belang van Limburg, and a member of the Flemish youth press agency StampMedia. She writes about Islam, Amazigh culture, feminism, and Morocco. She wrote this piece for al. arte.magazine (Dutch and English) It is re-published here with permission of the author and al.arte.magazine. The photo’s have been used with kind permission of Nadir Bouhmouch.
Posted on March 9th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues.
Guest Author: Norah Karrouche
Hoe kan het elitaire karakter van feminisme doorbroken worden?
Een aantal jaren geleden interviewde ik in Brussel een man die me vertelde hoe hij als student in Marokko per toeval terechtkwam op een besloten lezing van Fatima Mernissi, een van Marokko’s meest prominente feministes. Ter gelegenheid van Internationale Vrouwendag sprak zij in een chique, traditionele woning in het hartje van de medina van Fez de lokale politieke elite toe over de rechten van de vrouw in hedendaags Marokko.
We schrijven 8 maart 1984. De man in kwestie heet Yaâkoub.
Op aanraden van zijn docent sociologie aan de universiteit van Fez was Yaâkoub die avond met enkele medestudenten naar de lezing getrokken. Tijdens de les eerder die dag hadden ze gediscussieerd over de gelijkheid tussen man en vrouw. De docent in kwestie beweerde dat de seksen wel fundamenteel ongelijk moesten zijn, want zo stond dat volgens hem niet in een, maar zelfs in meerdere boeken op schrift gesteld. En volgens diezelfde docent reproduceerde Fatima Mernissi achteloos een westers verhaal dat indruiste tegen de traditionele, Marokkaanse waarden.
Yaâkoub, destijds actief in de populaire maar clandestiene marxistische beweging, was verbolgen. Achteraf bleek de uitspraak van zijn docent een retorische truc, een lokmiddel om de studenten uit hun gebruikelijke quartiers en leesclubs naar de lezing van de progressieve Mernissi te krijgen. Zo kwam Yaâkoub, een plattelandsjongen in de stad, die avond terecht in een voor hem nieuwe en ietwat ongemakkelijk aanvoelende wereld: een bonte mengeling mannen en vrouwen die zowel traditioneel als westers gekleed gingen, afwisselend Arabisch en Frans spraken en wijn degusteerden op een steenworp van al-Qarawiyyin, het eeuwenoude centrum voor traditioneel islamitisch onderricht.
Na jaren rondzwerven in Europa kwam Yaâkoub uiteindelijk in Brussel terecht. Fatima Mernissi, die in tegenstelling tot Yaâkoub wél een geliefkoosd exportproduct bleek, keerde terug naar Marokko en maakte tot ver buiten de Maghreb furore met talrijke studies over vrouwen en islamitisch feminisme in haar thuisland en al die andere multiculturele samenlevingen die in de ogen van zovele politieke elites ondertussen zijn mislukt.
Toch bouwde Mernissi haar respectabiliteit ook op met het autobiografische Dreams of Trespass. Tales of a Harem Girlhood, dat ze in 1994 in het Engels op schrift stelde (en dat in vertaling verscheen als Het verboden dakterras). Fatima Mernissi groeide op in een traditionele, omwalde harem in Fez. De betekenis die Mernissi verleent aan de harem in de titel van haar memoires is evenwel ook metaforisch bedoeld. Het persoonlijke relaas van Mernissi speelt zich immers af tegen de achtergrond van de jaren veertig in Marokko, de laatste uitwassen van het Franse kolonialisme en de opkomst van de Arabisch-nationalistische beweging die haar beloftes, zoals de bewerkstelliging van de gelijkheid tussen man en vrouw, niet wist in te lossen toen ze de macht uiteindelijk in handen kreeg.
Omwalling moet weg
Yaâkoub ontmoette Mernissi zo’n dertig jaar na de onafhankelijkheid van Marokko en tien jaar voordat Dreams of Trespass verscheen. 1984 was een jaar waarin het land in rep en roer stond omdat de economie kwetsbaar en labiel bleek, een jaar waarin de onderbuik van de Marokkaanse samenleving middels talrijke volksopstanden opriep tot betere onderwijskansen, meer jobs en gelijke kansen voor vrouwen.
Hoewel ook in de Maghreb de tijd niet stil stond, blijft het maken van historische vergelijkingen ieders recht. Met Internationale Vrouwendag breekt jaarlijks een korte periode aan waarin ook ruimte gecreëerd wordt om de vooruitgang die feministes aller landen reeds boekten te gedenken.
Vooruitgang is echter een kwetsbaar goed. In deze contreien zijn de verhalen van vrouwen als Fatima en mannen als Yaâkoub minder bekend en erkend. Binnen de traditionele vrouwenbeweging leven andere vragen. Moet de vrouwenbeweging evolueren naar een genderbeweging waarin mannen met gelijke tred participeren? Welke plaats moet de nadruk op de eigen vrouwelijkheid daarbinnen spelen? Hoe kan het vaak elitaire karakter van het feminisme doorbroken worden? Zo wil de beweging ook vrouwen (en mannen) in armoede bereiken en ze beter betrekken bij haar werking. Die laatste groep wordt met de dag groter. Ze is ook sterk gekleurd. Over de verbondenheid van het lot van vrouwen en minderheden staat ondertussen veel op papier, maar in de feministische praktijk blijft het eerder stil. Ze is immers ook zeer blank.
“Dat blijft moeilijk”, hoor je binnen die traditionele vrouwenbeweging. Los van occasionele samenwerkingsverbanden blijft structurele dialoog gering en thematisch selectief. Voor een betoging tegen vrouwenbesnijdenis of voor onderwijskansen van meisjes in het zuiden mobiliseren we met hopen, maar wanneer het zuiden hier dichtbij komt in de vorm van een andersoortige vrouwelijkheid of feminisme, dan is het iedere feminist(e) en iedere harem voor zich.
Omkering van de rollen
De ene harem is nu eenmaal de andere niet, ook dat wist Fatima Mernissi. In Dreams of Trespass is tevens een bijzondere rol weggelegd voor Mernissi’s neef Samir. Wanneer hun grootvader besluit een nieuwe harem te bouwen op het platteland, denken de jonge Fatima en Samir samen na over hoe die eruit moet gaan zien. Tijdens het gesprek vraagt Mernissi zich af wat er zou gebeuren indien ze de mannen binnen en de vrouwen buiten de omwalling zouden plaatsen. Een eenvoudige omkering van rollen, maar net wanneer Fatima het gevoel krijgt dat ze tijdens dat gesprek vooruitgang boekt in haar redenering, vindt Samir dat ze de zaken nodeloos compliceert.
Mernissi vertelt daarover: “Dus stemde ik ermee in de vrouwen weer binnen en de mannen weer buiten te zetten en we gingen door met ons onderzoek. Het probleem was: dat van die muren gold wel voor onze harem in Fez, maar helemaal niet voor de harem op de boerderij.” De ene harem is de andere niet, maar Fatima was vastberaden daar wat aan te doen.
De omwalling moest weg.
Sinds onze ontmoeting een aantal jaren geleden denk ik op 8 maart niet alleen aan die vele vrouwelijke feministen in noord en zuid, maar ook aan Yaâkoub, de man die in zijn woonkamer in Brussel in 2010 geamuseerd vertelde over die ene avond in 1984 in Fez, toen hij zich een loer liet draaien door een mannelijke socioloog en daardoor verliefd werd op het oeuvre van Fatima Mernissi.
Norah Karrouche is als historica verbonden aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, deed onderzoek naar en gaf les over narratieve identiteiten, migratie en culturele globalisering. Dit stuk verscheen gisteren op De Morgen: Hoe kan het elitaire karakter van feminisme doorbroken worden?
Posted on March 8th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues.
Because it is International Women’s day, some attention for intersectionality is appropriate, I think.
Lecture by Prof. Nira Yuval Davis at LSE, 25 January 2012. She discusses the ways it is often not just women and men but women and men of particular intersectional social locations which are constructed in particular roles in nationalist discourses.
Having listened to all of that, or regardless, how would you view next ad from supermarket Spar congratulating women with Women’s Day:

Supermarkt Spar, Women’s Day ad. From Demorgen.be
Thanks to N.F. for the inspiration for this title.
Posted on March 8th, 2013 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues.
Because it is International Women’s day, some attention for intersectionality is appropriate, I think.
Lecture by Prof. Nira Yuval Davis at LSE, 25 January 2012. She discusses the ways it is often not just women and men but women and men of particular intersectional social locations which are constructed in particular roles in nationalist discourses.
Having listened to all of that, or regardless, how would you view next ad from supermarket Spar congratulating women with Women’s Day:

Supermarkt Spar, Women’s Day ad. From Demorgen.be
Thanks to N.F. for the inspiration for this title.
Posted on November 27th, 2012 by martijn.
Categories: Gender, Kinship & Marriage Issues, Islam in the Netherlands, islamophobia, Multiculti Issues, Public Islam.
Woningcorporatie Eigen Haard ging in op woonwensen van moslims. Het Parool noemde dit halalwoningen en haalde zo secularistische gevoeligheden omhoog. Hier een overzicht van multicultureel bouwen in Nederland en van de discussie naar aanleiding van de publicatie in Het Parool.
Als antropoloog kom ik graag bij de mensen thuis. Dan zie je nog eens wat. Want hoe eenvormig de huizen tegenwoordig ook mogen lijken, de meeste mensen geven er toch een persoonlijk tintje aan gebaseerd op wat men ‘mooi’, ‘praktisch’ en ‘gepast’ vindt. Daar zit dan vervolgens ook weer een bepaald patroon in aangezien dat soort zaken altijd met de sociaal-culturele context van mensen te maken heeft. Dat is voor autochtonen zo en ook voor allochtonen. De tijd is voorbij dat we 35 mannelijke gastarbeiders in pensions stopten die eigenlijk amper geschikt waren voor één groot gezin.
‘Multicultureel’ bouwen in Nederland
Inmiddels zijn er dan ook tal van woningbouwprojecten die rekening houden met de behoeften van allochtone inwoners, in het bijzonder voor wat betreft de functionaliteit van een huis; zeg maar de praktische inrichting en plattegrond. Den Haag heeft Schilderswijk (Punt Komma in 1988), Verzorgingshuis Schildershoek (ruimte voor christelijke, joodse en islamitische gelovigen), de Bazar (ondernemers), Rotterdam Biz Botuluyuz en Oude Noorden, Dordrecht Noorderkwartier, Amsterdam Hudsonhof, Indische buurt, en het Centraal Park Noord. Niet alles is gerealiseerd overigens en sommige projecten waren niet meer dan studieprojecten. Ook plaatsen als Wageningen, Nijmegen, Boxtel en Utrecht kennen projecten; voornamelijk gericht op ouderen.
Eén van de oudste projecten in Nederland waar gebruik is gemaakt ‘uitheemse’ invloeden is denk ik Kasbah in Hengelo uit 1973, maar in feite staat architectuur door de eeuwen heen bloot aan invloeden van buitenaf die ook de woonwensen van mensen hier beïnvloeden. Woningen kunnen daarbij op verschillende manieren aangepast aan de wensen van bewoners: geschikt voor ouderen, samenwonen van meerdere generaties, gescheiden leefcircuits, licht en donker verdeling, enzovoorts. Weliswaar hielden de projecten rekening met de wensen van allochtonen, maar ze werden vaak ook zeer gewaardeerd door autochtone bewoners. In sommige steden (Arnhem en Rotterdam) is geprobeerd de specifieke eisen op te nemen in de standaardeisen. Opvallend is het Rotterdamse Oleanderproject (1993), bedoeld als de mooiste ‘Turkse wijk in Europa’. Eén van de reden dat dit losgelaten is, was omdat Turkse Nederlanders geen wijk wilden die teveel door Turkse Nederlanders gedomineerd zou worden. Ook in andere projecten, zoals het Rotterdamse Le Medi (discussie 2002/2003), kwam de vrees naar voren dat er ‘getto-vorming’ (zoals dat werd genoemd) zou ontstaan en ‘dat de islam door islamitische bouwstijlen sterker zou worden’. Met name die projecten die zich richten op een ‘duidelijke’ identiteit en multiculturele expressie werden vaak gaandeweg bijgesteld. En wel op zo’n manier dat die specifieke identiteit minder opviel.
Halalwoningen
Afgelopen zaterdag wist Het Parool te melden dat woningcorporatie Eigen Haard in Bos en Lommer (Amsterdam) een complex van 188 appartementen speciaal heeft aangepast aan de wensen van moslims: ‘halal-woningen’. In het uitgebreidere stuk in het PS katern van Parool kunnen we lezen in het stuk ‘Zo woont Mustapha het liefst‘ dat het onder meer gaat om een extra grote keuken, een ruim voorportaal met een schoenenkast (maar die staat dan weer niet bij de voordeur, slimmeriken), satellietschotels, extra waterleidingaansluitingen voor ritueel reinigen (de familie in het stuk gebruikt die echter niet) en schuifdeuren zodat woonkamer en keuken gescheiden kunnen worden (wat de vrouw in het artikel bijvoorbeeld doet als er visite is die ‘niet zo intiem’ is).
Het complex is onder renovatie vanaf 2010; daarvoor was het een aardig verloederd en uitgewoond pand. Voor de renovatie is gekozen voor uitgebreide inspraak met onder meer een vrouwenraad en een kinderraad. Het bleek met name de vrouwenraad te zijn die hamerde op een vrouwendomein en een scheiding met het mannendomein. In het Parool stuk wordt daarbij verwezen naar Koerdische gebruiken uit Oost-Turkije: “Daar eten mannen en vrouwen apart”. Een hemelsblauwe keuken werd afgewezen omdat ‘Hollanders dat niet willen’ en ‘je moet flexibel blijven’. De woningen zijn ook groter geworden tegen een redelijk vriendelijke prijs. Er blijken ook meer ‘Nederlanders’ te wonen dan voorheen.
Eén van de vragen die opgeworpen worden in het stuk is of het wel de taak is van de woningcorporatie om rekening te houden met de religieus-culturele wensen van de huurders. UvA-socioloog Veldboer betwijfelt dit gezien de grote en snelle veranderingen in de wereld onder meer door secularisering (ontkerkelijking). Hij ziet wel een overeenkomst met een andere aanpak van corporaties: plaatsingsbeleid op grond van leefstijl. Hij erkent dat dat in het geval van ‘moslimleefstijl’ gevoelig is, maar als dat met andere leefstijlgroepen wél kan dan waarom hier niet.
Aanpassen aan moslims
In het grotere stuk staat nergens dat Eigen Haard stelt dat het gebouw is aangepast voor ‘moslims’; wel word er verwezen naar religieus-culturele wensen. Op de voorpagina echter stelt men wel dat EH het heeft aangepast aan de woonwensen van moslims. De politiek reageert daarop:
Volgens de gemeenteraadsleden Daniel van der Ree (VVD) en Marijke Shahsavari (CDA) zouden woningcorporaties zich niet moeten bezighouden met het aanbieden van woningen die specifiek inspelen op de woonwensen van moslims. “Dat komt de integratie niet ten goede.”
[…]
Integratiedeskundige Han Entzinger noemt het een sympathiek initiatief, maar waarschuwt voor concentraties van moslims. “De corporatie zegt wel dat ze braaf zal toewijzen via de regels, maar je loopt wel een risico dat er vooral moslims komen wonen.”Van der Ree zegt dat het zo aanpassen van woningen geen corporatietaak is. “Je geeft zo het signaal af dat je specifiek bouwt voor moslims. Mensen mogen wonen waar ze willen, maar het is niet de bedoeling dat wij moslims naar een plek leiden om er met z’n allen onder elkaar te wonen.”
Volgens Shahsavari bestaat het gevaar dat het gebouw een moslimenclave wordt, doordat het in de praktijk vooral voor hen geschikt is. “En dan is dat allesbehalve bevorderend voor de integratie. Ik vind dit een heel vreemde ontwikkeling.”
Volgens Wim de Waard van Eigen Haard is er geen gevaar dat de woningen exclusief door moslims zullen worden bewoond. “We hebben geluisterd naar de wensen van onze bewoners, maar de woningen zijn net zo goed geschikt voor niet-moslims. Er is geen sprake van dat we zullen selecteren op religieuze achtergrond.”
En op pagina vier wordt gesproken over ‘moslimenclaves’
“En wat dan als er katholieken komen die bij hun huis graag een kapelletje willen?” zegt Shahsavari. “Dat wordt natuurlijk nooit toegestaan.”
Van der Ree en Shahsavari vinden dat de extra aanpassingen niet voor rekening van de belastingbetalers mogen komen. Wim de Waard van Eigen Haard stelt dat de kosten niet hoog zijn en verwerpt dat het complex een enclave wordt. “Inmiddels is het percentage niet-moslims toegenomen. De aanpassingen maken het onze moslimbewoners gewoon gemakkelijk, maar het kraantje dat de moslim gebruikt voor het ritueel reinigen, kan de niet-moslim gebruiken om zijn gieter te vullen.”
Entzinger noemt het een ‘beetje een ouderwets initiatief.’ “Aan de Molukkers vroegen we destijds ook: wat voor huizen willen jullie? Dat heeft niet veel zoden aan de dijk gezet.”
Hoewel de aanpassingen inderdaad gelegitimeerd kunnen worden op basis van de verwijzingen van mensen naar de islam, wordt dat in de bijlage niet gedaan. Hoogstens is er een verwijzing naar etnische patronen die de scheiding tussen mannen en vrouwen legitimeren. Het is echter nog maar de vraag wat dit nu allemaal met islam te maken, behalve wellicht dan dat veel bewoners moslim zijn. Er zijn genoeg redenen om het zo doen die te maken hebben met alledaagse praktische overwegingen die deels te maken hebben specifieke culturele gevoeligheden en patronen zoals Ferdows Kazemi laat zien.
Overigens in de voorbereiding op de renovatie is de woningcorporatie wel degelijk uitgegaan van een idee over wat moslims belangrijk zouden kunnen vinden:
“Daarnaast hebben we ook speciale bijeenkomsten voor vrouwen, omdat vrouwen uit een moslim-cultuur vaak niet met mannen in één ruimte samen willen zijn. Dat is het maandelijkse koffie-overleg. De deelneemsters hebben duidelijke eigen wensen, bijvoorbeeld de al bekende dichte keuken, waar vrouwen apart kunnen zitten, maar ook een betere wasgelegenheid in het toilet in plaats van het kleine handenwasbakje. Het lijkt niet spectaculair, maar het is belangrijk dat ze weten dat ze worden gehoord.”
Ook hieruit blijkt dat het de vrouwen waren die de nadruk legden op specifieke voorzieningen voor vrouwen. Je kunt je natuurlijk afvragen of men hier dan niet een heel specifieke selectie van vrouwen te pakken heeft. Zoals vaak het geval is bij inspraak is er een specifieke groep die de inspraak namens anderen verzorgd. Moslims die gruwen van een mogelijke scheiding tussen mannen en vrouwen zijn misschien niet aanwezig geweest. Overigens geldt daarbij nog wel de opmerking dat velen die een scheiding verwerpen, dat verwerpen voor publieke domeinen en niet voor privé-domeinen. Overigens, het rekening houden met specifieke etnisch-religieuze woonwensen (als dat het geval zou zijn) is natuurlijk nog niet hetzelfde als exclusief voor moslims bouwen.
De islamisering van minderheden
In de discussies die volgen op het Parool artikel gaat het met name om het vermeende islamitische aspect hiervan. Er wordt dan ook verwezen naar ‘halal-woningen’ (halal als in toegestaan in islamitische tradities). Het artikel zelf, de geschreven tekst, was nog niet eens zo heel slecht zoals ook Carel Brendel betoogt. Wat Brendel echter ook, terecht, betoogt is dat aan de veelbesproken plattegrond van de woningen niet te zien is of het islamitisch is en wat er islamitisch aan is. Hij geeft het voorbeeld van huizen in de Oekraïne, je zou ook aan grote woonboerderijen kunnen denken. De term halalwoning is daarom belangrijker dan menigeen suggereert. Die term op zich betekent weinig; het gaat niet om halal geslacht vlees, er is geen gezaghebbende instantie die het huis halal of haram kan verklaren. De term halalwoning krijgt betekenis en gezag doordat die voortdurend herhaald wordt: in andere krantenberichten, op blogs, twitter (RT’s) en Facebook (like & share). Het is de herhaling die van een onbestemde realiteit De Waarheid maakt.
Geenstijl duikt erop en vergroot het moslimaspect nog eens. Het aanpassen van woningen op basis van sekse (want onderdrukt!) en geloof kan niet. En columnist Jan Bennink schreef een stuk in de Volkskrant waarin hij zich beklaagt dat moslims voorgetrokken worden. Hij is er niet zozeer op tegen dat er rekening wordt gehouden met de woonwensen van mensen, maar wel wanneer dit zou gebeuren op basis van geloof in plaats van bijvoorbeeld inkomen. Het project zou een uiting zijn van een sluipende islamisering via commerciële kanalen. In haar programma gaat Eva Jinek in gesprek met minister Plasterk ook in tegen het idee van het aanpassen van woningen op basis van religieuze voorkeuren en zeker wanneer dat onder andere gaat om het scheiden van mannen en vrouwen en zeker zeker wanneer dat de overheid dat financiert. Plasterk relativeert dat, maar stelt ook dat we niet zo moeten gaan bouwen dat niet-moslims er niet meer willen wonen. De VVD in Amsterdam vindt het prima dat moslims onder elkaar willen wonen, maar met deze halalwoningen worden moslims toch een ‘verkeerde kant’ op gestuurd wat integratie niet ten goede zou komen. Daarbij gaat het hier om belastinggeld want sociale huurwoningen worden dubbel gesubsidieerd en dus moeten we er voorzichtig en efficiënt mee om gaan volgens hen. Dat betekent dat als mensen een eigen huis kopen of voor eigen rekening huren, ze zelf verantwoordelijk zijn voor indeling en inrichting. ‘Bij sociale huurwoningen ligt dit tot echt anders.’, aldus de VVD.
Seculiere neo-liberale gevoeligheden
In deze discussie zitten diverse interessante patronen;
Dikke seculier neo-liberale haram?
De obsessie met moslims zorgt ervoor dat we dit soort aanpassingen en huizen meteen zien als des moslims en islamisering ook al gaat het grotere artikel in het Parool daar nauwelijks over (in tegenstelling tot de kleinere teasers in het Parool). Dat is genoeg om vanuit secularistische overwegingen ‘Haram!‘ / ‘Mag Niet!’ te roepen. Op zo’n manier wordt het duidelijk dat het onderscheid tussen religieus – seculier, publiek – privé, integratie – segregatie, man-vrouw niet zozeer vastomlijnde heldere scheidingen zijn, maar het resultaat van politieke overwegingen en neo-liberale belangen. Het gaat daarbij niet eens zozeer om moslims vs. seculiere samenleving, maar eerder om verschillende invullingen van de liberale, seculiere multiculturele samenleving door verschillende instanties en politieke partijen. Er zijn ook tegengeluiden dus er is zeker geen eensgezindheid over waar de grenzen liggen. In plaats van scheidingen tussen bijvoorbeeld seculier / religieus als absolute scheidingen te nemen, kunnen we ze beter opvatten als verschillende posities in publieke debatten over de grenzen tussen verschillende domeinen en over het type samenleving dat we willen zijn.
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