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Posted on March 31st, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Guest authors, Headline, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Guest Author: Corien Hoek
Tribalism
Although Oman normally appears to be a very quiet country the spirit of the revolutions seemed to have reached this country a few weeks ago, putting it at the center of attention in the Netherlands because of a scheduled visit of the Dutch queen at that time. In this media attention a lot of time and effort was devoted to explain that Oman is a tribal society. “Tribal societies lead to civil war when the central authority declines. Tribal leaders become war lords who seize power and tribal wars are imminent. Thus there is little hope that these societies will be successful in transforming their institutions, once they have ousted their dictator.” This bogy dooms large in the media and blur our understanding of the current uprisings when the revolutions and concomitant transformations are discussed that take place in the Middle East. However if one looks at these societies from an anthropological perspective a different image of this social phenomenon, not typical for Middle Eastern societies alone, may arise. Based upon my research in Oman, I will show that in this country, state and nation building over a long period of time has thoroughly transformed the tribal organization even though tribes still constitute the back-bone of society at grass-roots level. These social formations have an important integrative function, whereby seeking consensus, and negotiating with representatives from all groups concerned are well-proofed methods and conditions for the success of authority and stability within and between the tribes. Moreover equality of the families, their leaders and the members is a guiding principle, in which the Islam has its role too.
Oman: A Confederacy of Tribes
Oman enjoys one of the longest statehoods in the Arab world, only rivaled by Egypt. The state is based on the tribal organisation, which the Arabs brought into the country about two millennia ago. However, in the course of time the state transformed from a confederacy of semi-autonomous tribes headed by the supra-tribal ruler to a nation state with a national government, laws, judicial powers and civil services. State formation has been the important factor in diminishing the power and significance of the tribal system.
The tribe in Oman is made up of clans or factions (fakhdh, pl. fukhudh) which are groups of people bound to each other by obligations deriving from their common descent. While the family is the minimal descent group, the clan represents the intermediate level and the tribe is the maximal descent group with a sense of corporate responsibility and solidarity (asabiya). Members of this kinship system acknowledge a common forebear, whether fictitious or real, who gives them their identity and often the common name. The tribal system is patrilineal and hierarchical even though the leaders (shaykh pl. shuyukh and rashid pl. rushada) elected from specific lineage groups at the various levels, are seen as more equal among equals. The tribe is agnatic endogamous (marriage within patriline c.q. tribe) through the preference of eligible parallel cousin partners. Tribes used to organize their own authority and judicial power through councils (majalis, sing. majlis) and religious courts (al-qada` al-shar`i) on the basis of consensus building and negotiations by representatives of various groups. Thus they functioned as relative autonomous social formations.
Tribes would form regional confederations through alliances with other tribes for example in contiguous areas. The hierarchical organisation of confederations of tribes throughout the country used to determine the national power balance. National leaders in Oman, whether religious or secular, were elected from core tribes, resident in certain areas in the interior provinces of Oman. Since 1744 the Al Bu Sa’id tribe established a ruling dynasty through hereditary succession. The present Sultan Qaboos bin Sa’id Al Sa’id is the fourteenth ruler.
Multi-resources group
Traditionally, the tribe structured territorial and economic links besides kinship and social political relations. A tribe has a distinctive territory (dar, pl. dira) which constitutes its home- and rangeland. Tribal members used to depend for their source of subsistence primarily on the natural resources of the tribal territory. This also determined in a sense their life-style. Thus in the desert and mountain areas, where water is limited, people practiced pastoral nomadism i.e. animal husbandry by natural graze of goat and camel, moving with their livestock to grazing pastures. In areas where water was available, the inhabitants cultivating dates and vegetables could lead a sedentary life in oasis settlements. Finally, people who lived close to the sea could take up fishing. In addition to these subsistence activities (other) members of the tribe were occupied with trading, craft work or other maritime activities, to supplement the income. Depending on the range of territorial lands tribes consisted entirely or dominantly of pastoral people (bedu), or sedentary people (hadhar) or comprised a large variety of occupational groups. When territories did not offer enough opportunities to make a living, members, families or factions could split off, move, or take up other occupations which offered more perspective. The tribal organisation may still consist of occupational groups related to the presence of natural resources, but modern economic activities, not directly related to natural resources, have become a dominant source of income for individual members. Employment in the government (administration, army), the oil- and other industries is pursued by the sedentary and bedouin alike.
From this perspective the tribal organization constituted a flexible, multi-resource and multi-occupational group offering the tribal members a variety of economic options when necessary. Less fortunate members, families or factions of the tribe could depend on the solidarity and common responsibility of others. This proved vital to survive in the unpredictable environment of a desert climate. Similarly on a higher level, forming coalitions between tribes, merging or even subjugation of tribes, or tribal factions, served as much the economic needs of the people, as it was induced by sheer political motivation.
State formation
Omani people converted to Islam in the seventh century. The allegiance of the Islamic community (umma) to one God provided the members of the independent tribes with a principle of social and moral integration. Under the Ibadhi doctrine, developed and professed in Iraq and Oman, the religious leader (Imam) had to be locally elected, which based the formation of the state as early as the 8th century. The religious authority for the state’s leadership was in the hands of representatives from tribes which guarded the Ibadhi principles.
The Imam was nominated and elected by a council of chiefs, while other representatives of the tribes and provinces swore allegiance to him. If the leader did not adhere to the religious principles, he either had to repent or else he could be deposed. The democratic concept of the Ibadhi leadership had parallels with the elected leadership of the tribes in Oman. The ruler depended on the allegiance of the tribes, but the physical power remained with the tribal representatives in their homelands. This gave them a position of relative independence and the possibility to restrict the ruler’s control over the region.
In the course of history the semi-autonomous tribes were integrated into one political entity under a religious power (Imamate), or under a secular power (Sultanate) at times when the religious community did not have the power to provide for the leadership. These periods were interspersed with periods when the more dominant tribes pursued their own autonomy thereby opposing central power.
Political stability as a factor for a beneficent period depended on the balance between the tribes and the national power. A ruler who was powerful enough to unite the tribes, who succeeded in securing the wealth the country derived from its strategic location in the profitable maritime trade (i.e. gaining access to the ports, thereby safeguarding a neutrality towards the commercial activities in the ports, expanding Oman’s maritime empire etc.), and who reinvested the revenues in the country’s development to secure allegiance of the tribes, opened the door to prosperity. Oman’s modern history is a repetition of a successful interplay between these main determinants, whereby the introduction of the new asset: oil, further contributed to the prosperity and stability of the country.
Present time
Since the 1970s oil revenues secure a steady income for the state. Under the rule of the present sultan and his government these revenues are continuously invested in further development of the state and the country. Existing institutions at the national level are strengthened and new ones, related to governing the nation state, added. Moreover the oil wealth is relatively equally distributed throughout the country. Roads, electricity, water, schools and hospitals have been laid out at a high speed and reach even the most remote areas and isolated hamlets.
The significance of the tribal organisation in the context of the modern nation state formation decreases. All tribes co-operate with and participate in the central state organization. Central interests transcend tribal interests. In the beginning of the rapid development process, the tribal system played its part in the distribution of state owned amenities and services throughout the country; all tribes being keen to have their share of the state owned wealth in their own territories. The government, in which tribal representatives participated, naturally underlined this principle of equal distribution, though not necessarily distributing goods only along tribal lines. At the same time representation of the tribe at the national level is losing its significance too. Whereas in the 1980s, the tribes assigned their representatives for the State Consultative Council, since 1991 members for the Consultation Council are elected by the people and represent municipalities (wilayats) rather than tribes. On its part, the government has its representation in the region such as the wali (mayor) police, army, judicial courts and local branches of ministries.
On the other hand, at the grass-roots level of Omani society the tribal organisation still plays its role in matters of kinship, affiliation and as a social network for its members. Tribal leaders often function as mediators between the members of the tribe and between members and the administrative representatives at various levels of society. The chiefs continue to take counsel with the male members of the tribe in their sabla (council hall) in their territories to discuss a wide variety of subjects relevant to the tribe, ranging from tribal history, religious and judicial matters and national and international affairs, to local and economic issues such as palm cultivation, water distribution in the oasis, trade opportunities and last but not least marriages and other family themes. Supporters, advisors and guests are always welcome to join in the sablas. In addition, kinship affiliation and -loyalty bring members informally together on social and cultural occasions such as birth, marriage, death and other celebrations. The tribe therefore is still a strong cohesive force for families and individual members whether close by or living dispersed in the country or abroad. Thus, it supports the integration of people within the region and the country at large.
The society at large however, is clearly transforming from an “ascribed” to an “achieved” society where the individual qualities and achievements gradually obtain more weight than the tribal position and personal status therein of its members. Education, mobility and the process of individualisation play their roles in this development. Individuals join affiliations other than the tribal ones such as social formations based on occupational, ethnic, religious or other identities. These have their own autonomy and integrate themselves in the society through economic, social and cultural participation, playing their role in the development process in the country.
References
Chatty, D., 1986. From Camel to Truck: The Bedouin in the Modern World, New York: Vantage.
Harik, I., 1987. ‘The Origins of the Arab State system’, in Salame, G., ed., : The Foundations of the Arab State, Volume I, London: Croom Helm.
Lancaster, W., 1988. ‘Fishing and the Coastal Communities: Indigenous economies- decline or renewal’, Journal of Oman Studies Special Report, No. 3, 485-494. Muscat.
Wilkinson, J. C., 1972a. ‘The Origins of the Omani State’, in D. Hopwood ed., The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics, 67-88, London: George Allan and Unwin.
Corien Hoek is board member of the Dutch Anthropology Association. She did extensive fieldwork in al Sharqiyah region in Oman and in 1998 defended her PhD “Shifting Sands, Social economic development in Al Sharqiyah region, Oman”. Besides her work on socio-economic issues in the Middle East (from an anthropological perspective) she is also board member and co-founder of the MECART Foundation (Middle Eastern Culture and Art) for the exchange of Middle Eastern art and artists and the promotion of better knowledge of the Middle Eastern societies and cultures in the Netherlands.
Posted on March 30th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Society & Politics in the Middle East.
De opstanden in het Midden-Oosten spreken tot de verbeelding. Eén van de vragen is/was voortdurend of de opstanden zouden overslaan vanuit Tunesië en Egypte naar andere landen. Alsof revoluties zomaar even resoneren en pats boem het is overal raak en de ene na de andere revolutionaire groep kruipt uit zijn hol. Nee dus. Dat lijkt wel het geval te zijn met zelfbenoemde Midden-Oosten deskundigen. Ik ga heus niet op al die doemprofeten (want dat zijn het meestal) in, maar soms verschijnen er commentaren die zo stupide zijn, zo waanzinnig flauwekul, tsja dat ik er eigenlijk juist niet op zou moeten reageren. Maar ik doe het dan toch maar.
Rob van Kan is vertaler en woont in Italië. Dan weet u het wel. Een echte islam- en Midden-Oostendeskundige. Laat ik beginnen met de op één na meest verstandige zin in het stuk dat hij recent schreef (ik zal afsluiten met zijn allerverstandigste zin). Nou ja een deel van een zin: ‘We weten te weinig over de islam’. Gelukkig weet Rob van Kan het wel en hij weet dan ook dat we niet moeten ‘ingrijpen in die complexe wereld’. Waarom? Rob van Kan heeft een spectaculaire ontdekking gedaan. Hij heeft ontdekt dat de Libische opstandelingen door Al Qaeda gesteund worden. Of misschien zelfs wel Al Qaeda zijn. Hoe hij dat weet? Door één lichaamskenmerk, van één van de vermeende (!) leiders van de opstand. Eén lichaamskenmerk mensen. Geen statement van Al Qaeda of de opstandelingen die zich wentelen in islamistische retoriek, geen bewijzen van wapenleveranties, geen enkel signaal van de gebruikelijke Al Qaeda tactieken, geen enkele Al Qaeda strijder, geen enkele waarschuwing van de CIA of Europese veiligheidsdiensten. Nee, een lichaamskenmerk. Eén. Van een man. Eén.
En welk kenmerk dan wel? De zebibah. Een lichaamskenmerk die sommige moslims krijgen naar eigen zeggen krijgen vanwege het vele bidden: een donkere plek op het voorhoofd doordat men het voorhoofd tegen de grond drukt tijdens het islamitische gebed. Zij worden gezien als tekenen van vroomheid, maar ook wel minder positief gezien als een teken van overdreven vertoon mede als gevolg van een onderlinge vroomheidscompetitie. Midden-Oosten deskundige weet dat je zo’n plek niet krijgt van het bidden, maar dat je die expres zou moeten maken. En het zijn beroemde mensen die het hebben hoor, zo weet hij. Mohammed Badie, leider van de Moslimbroederschap en…Ayman Al Zawahiri de nummer twee van Al Qaeda. En toen hij dezelfde plek zag op het voorhoofd van alle opstandelingenleiders in Libië was natuurlijk één en één twee. Oh nee, wacht, niet alle leiders, slechts één: Abdel-Jalil. Om er even zeker van te zijn dat hij het bij het rechte eind had heeft hij het nog even opgezocht in Wikipedia, Encyclopedia of Islam en alle andere gezaghebbende bronnen. Om vervolgens iets te vinden bij Salman Rushdie:
“Also present was the town postman, Muhammad Ibadalla, who bore upon his forehead the gatta or permanent bruise which revealed him to be a religious fanatic who pressed brow to prayer-mat on at least five occasions per diem, and probably at the sixth, optional time as well.” (Salman Rushdie, Shame, 1983, p. 41-42)
Natuurlijk, dit magisch-realistisch fictie werkje van Rushdie is de bron waarin je al deze informatie kunt vinden. Mooi boek hoor daar niet van, maar heus, iemand met een gebedsplek is nog geen fanaticus, net zoals een vrome gelovige nog geen fanaticus hoeft te zijn. Vijf keer per dag bidden is gewoon een islamitisch voorschrift. Ook al krijg je misschien daar niet zo’n plek van en moet je daar wat extra’s voor doen, dat is nog geen teken van fanatisme, maar gewoon iemand die zijn vroomheid wil laten zien. Midden-Oosten deskundige Van Kan gaat echter nog een stapje verder en maakt dus de volgende redenering: vroom = religieus fanatisme = fundamentalisme. Een al lang gelogenstrafte redenering die je hoogstens nog in kroegen tegenkomt en bij Hans Jansen. Vroomheid is een toewijding om je leven zoveel mogelijk te leiden op de manier waarvan jij denkt dat hogere machten het willen (of wil, in geval van God). Religieus fanatisme is op een extreme manier je interpretatie van de religie volgen; over het algemeen ook politiek gericht. Daarmee kan het fundamentalisme zijn, maar gezien het feit dat deze deskundige naar Al Qaeda verwijst wordt hier ook geweld bedoeld. Geen van de drie verschijningsvormen van religiositeit hoeven iets te maken te hebben met geweld. Maar toeval bestaat niet volgens de broer van Rob van Kan. En dus vindt Rob van Kan dat ook. Temeer nog omdat, in de logica van deze deskundige, de regimes in Tunesië, Egypte, Syrië en Libië seculier van aard zijn. Tsja dan moeten er zich onder de opstandelingen wel, ja wat eigenlijk bevinden? Gelovigen? Ook seculiere mensen kunnen gelovig zijn en gelovigen kunnen seculier zijn. Hij bedoelt, gezien de rest van het stuk, natuurlijk Al Qaeda. Ja ja, dus als het om islam gaat is volgens Van Kan de keuze tussen seculier of Al Qaeda?
Kijk dat deze vertaler zijn onzin spuit op zijn eigen weblog moet hij zelf weten. Nou ja eigenlijk ook niet maar vooruit het is zijn persoonlijke pagina. Maar dat een blad als HP/De Tijd dit gewoon overneemt is toch wel te zot voor woorden. En dat geldt ook voor Sargasso dat zich graag als kwaliteitsweblog presenteert. Kan ik dan met de logica van Rob van Kan ook een artikel schrijven voor HP/De Tijd over de inval in Libië? Wist u dat Mark Rutte een bril draagt? Net als voormalig president Bush? En dat een bril helemaal niet nodig is in een tijd van contactlenzen? En dat volgens politiek deskundige Glamourista de bril wordt gebruikt om een ‘intelligente look’ te krijgen? Men wil zich dus beter voordoen, voelt zich superieur. Het Westen is zo superieur en vreedzaam in de logica van Van Kan dat ze niet zullen ingrijpen in Libië. Temeer omdat Europa en de VS bij de vorige regimes ook niet ingrepen tijdens de onlusten. En er is dus nu ook geen actie tegen Libië ? Nee mensen er is geen no-fly zone, de Fransen zijn niet actief, onze soldaten zijn daar ook nooit geweest. U vergist zich want Rutte draagt een bril. Volgens de Rob-van-Kan-logica dan.
U vraagt zich misschien af: hadden Rob van Kan en HP/De Tijd niet even wat feiten kunnen checken? Dan had hij ook wel kunnen zien dat met name de regio van Benghazi volgens sommigen wel het gevaar van (religieus en/of politiek) extremisme zou kunnen herbergen, maar dat moeten we ook niet overdrijven. Extremisme of niet, daar heeft geen gebedsplek op het voorhoofd iets mee te maken. Misschien vind je het aanstellerij, ‘slechts’ uiterlijk vertoon of geloofswaanzin, maar extremisme is het niet. Nee, dat laten we allemaal achterwege. We gaan ook niet even langs. Bij deskundigen. Bij moslims. Gewoon, om even te vragen waarom die moslims in het Midden-Oosten toch zo slecht luisteren naar de deskundige analyses van deskundigen als dr. Rob van K(lav)an. Ook daar heeft deze deskundige een antwoord op:
De Libische revolutie is vooral een fundi-zaak – HP/De Tijd
Misschien denkt u nog dat ik gek ben. Zou kunnen, sluit ik niet uit
Ik weet het wel zeker, en met hem HP/De Tijd en Sargasso die eigenlijk dit stuk zouden moeten rectificeren.
Wilt u iets meer weten over de zebibah, lees dan dit stuk in de New York Times: Fashion and Faith Meet: on the Forheads of the Pious. Verder ben ik de beroerdste niet, dus ik heb de rectificatie die HP/De Tijd en Rob van Kan kunnen plaatsen alvast gemaakt. Het voorstel is dit:
Sargasso en HP/De Tijd van 29 maart publiceerden een artikel geschreven door Rob van Kan met de titel “De Libische revolutie is vooral een fundi-zaak”. Daarin werd ten onrechte gemeld dat de opstandelingen in Libië Al Qaeda aanhangers zijn en dat mensen met een gebedsplek op het voorhoofd Al Qaeda aanhangers zijn. Het artikel was prutswerk, gebaseerd op onjuiste weergave van de feiten en ondeugdelijke argumentatie. Het op de zebibah gebaseerde verband tussen Al Qaeda en de Libische opstandelingen is daarmee onjuist. Bovendien hebben wij geen hoor en wederhoor gepleegd en ook geen deugdelijke bronnen geraadpleegd. Het spijt ons, wij zijn een beetje dom geweest.
Hoofdredactie HP/De Tijd, Weblog Sargasso en Rob van K(lav)an
Want allemaal mooi en aardig mensen, het gaat natuurlijk ergens over daar in het Midden-Oosten. Bekijkt u even de volgende hommage aan Mohammed Bouazizi, die gisteren 27 jaar geworden zou zijn.
Hydra Mohamed Bouazizi_0001 door mcpalestine
Posted on March 29th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Guest authors, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Guest Author: Dick Douwes
Past Syrië in het rijtje Tunesië en Egypte? Of kunnen er Libische toestanden ontstaan?
Massale protesten in Syrië beperken zich tot nu toe vooral tot plattelandssteden nabij de grens met Jordanië. Er zijn ook demonstraties in andere steden, waaronder in de twee grootste, Damascus en Aleppo. Het zijn kleine maar dappere demonstraties tegen het regime. Er zijn andere, grotere demonstraties pro-regime, maar die zijn dan ook georganiseerd door het regime. Welke kant gaat het op in Syrië?
Syrië kampt met de voor de regio bekende problemen: snelle bevolkingsgroei, stagnerende economie, wijdverbreide corruptie en politieke repressie. Het onderwijs barst uit zijn voegen door de grote toestroom van kinderen en jongeren. Uitzicht op een baan, laat staan een passende, is klein. Geen baan betekent laat trouwen, in ieder geval voor jonge mannen, en als er een gezin wordt gesticht, inwonen bij familie op een paar vierkante meter. Syrië staat vol met simpele, half afgebouwde en deels bewoonde huizen; allemaal als ideaal begonnen maar gestrand op te hoge prijzen voor cement en te lage inkomens. Een woningcrisis in kwadraat.
Dat de woede in Syrië zich nu manifesteert in Dera’a en omgeving is opvallend. Plattelandssteden als Dera’a vormden lange tijd de basis van het socialistische Ba’th regime dat sinds 1963 aan de macht is. Het Syrische regime wordt vaak alawitisch genoemd vanwege het grote aandeel van alawieten in de top van het leger en de politiek, maar in oorsprong rust het regime op een beweging zich emanciperende plattelanders, waaronder alawieten, die zich keerden tegen de macht van grootgrondbezitters; de notabele families van de grote steden: Damascus, Aleppo , Hama en Homs.
Dat de woede zich eerst laat zien op het platteland, is niet zonder reden. De elite van de partij – en het leger – heeft zich in de afgelopen decennia verplaatst van de dorpen en plattelandsteden naar Damascus. Er zijn allerlei allianties ontstaan tussen officieren, partijbonzen en ondernemers van divers pluimage waarin nouveau riche alawieten zich mengen met de stedelijke elite van soennieten en christenen. Anders dan in de eerste decennia investeert het regime maar weinig in de meer afgelegen plattelandsgebieden. Juist die gebieden kampen met vaak omvangrijke ecologische en dus economische problemen als gevolg van droogte en roofbouw op de natuurlijke watervoorraden.
In Tunesië en Egypte bleek het leger een buffer te vormen tussen repressie en protest en koos de legertop voor verandering – zij het vooralsnog niet een radicale. Syrië kent net als Egypte een groot staand leger van dienstplichtigen. Maar daarnaast zijn er verschillende elite-eenheden, veiligheidsdiensten en milities die onder commando vallen van de president en/of zijn veelal alawitische bondgenoten. Het is de vraag in hoeverre en hoe lang het leger en de politie bereid zijn het vuur te openen op demonstranten.
Dera’a: Demonstranten halen beeld van Hafez al-Assad neer
De fundamentele vraag is of de Syrische staat sterk genoeg is. Het leger is zo’n instituut dat de staat kan dragen, zoals blijkt in Egypte en Tunesië. Ook vakbonden, een redelijk onafhankelijke rechtspraak, een bewuste middenklasse en een beperkte ruimte voor protest bepalen hoe een regime op protest reageert. In Syrië was de eerste reactie schieten met scherp. Toch hebben de protesten al taboes doorbroken. Syrië is vergeven van standbeelden en beeltenissen van de presidente en van zijn vader. De eersten zijn al vernield. Veel hangt nu af van het vermogen van het regime de grote steden te controleren en hun relaties met de stedelijke elites te behouden. Ook die laatsten wachten waarschijnlijk niet op een revolutie vanuit het verarmde platteland.
Dick Douwes (1957) is hoogleraar Geschiedenis van het Midden-Oosten aan de Erasmus Universteit Rotterdam en studeerde Arabisch aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen. Naast historisch werk publiceert Douwes over de integratie van islamitische gemeenschappen in Nederland en is voorzitter van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor de Studie van Islam en het Midden-Oosten (MOI).
Posted on March 27th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Blogosphere, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
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Previous updates:
Tunisia Uprising I – Tunisia Uprising II – Tunisia / Egypt Uprising Essential Reading I – The Egypt Revolution – A Need to Read List – Women & Middle East Uprisings. See also the section Society and Politics in the Middle East (Dutch and English guest contributions).
Featuring the Syrian Uprising
Syria Comment » Archives » Syria Dividing: Most Large Cities Calm. The Troubles in Latakia Lead to Army being Deployed
Syria is dividing into sides – those that will fight the state and those that support the president or fear revolution. The silent majority is still sitting on the side lines, but they will not be able to do so for long if order collapses. The army is sticking by the President, a main difference with Egypt or Tunisia. So long as the army remains united and obeys the President, it will be hard for the opposition to take over parts of the country or bring down the regime.
Global Voices · Syria Protests 2011
Initially inspired by revolutions in Egypt and Tunisia, protests in Syria have gained momentum since March 15, 2011 (a first call for protests on February 5 drew only a small crowd). Thousands have protested against the government of President Bashar Al-Assad in Damascus, Aleppo and several other cities – and dozens have been arrested – but the heart of the protests is currently in southern city Daraa. On March 18, news that 15 children had been arrested for writing anti-regime graffiti sparked a demonstration that led to security forces killing at least three people. In subsequent protests in Daraa, at least 37 more have been killed (some reports say as many as 150 may have died). The most extensive nationwide protests since the beginning of the uprisings were on March 25 on what is now referred to as the “Friday of Dignity” (at least 24 deaths reported so far).
Double-crossing the Rubicon: A whole mess of updates from all over!
The situation in Syria keeps getting more and more serious (or should I say Syrias?). Protesters burnt down a Baath party headquarters today and the protests continue to escalate in response to the governments violent attempts to suppress them.
An interesting consequence of the current situation in Syria is that Hezbollah has positioned itself very squarely on the side of Assad, a strategic decision that will probably come back to bite them in the ass later on. The Alawite sect of Islam that Assad and his core supporters belong to is viewed with some suspicion by many of the more conventional Sunni Arabs of Syria. The government’s close ties to the Shiites of Hezbollah and to the Iranian government have give the unhappy parts of the population ammunition for accusations of borderline heresy.
????????: Muhammed Radwan Arrested
The Syrian regime is just like all the other authoritarian regimes in the Middle East that fabricate stories and arrest innocent people just to cling on to power. To hell with Bashar el-Asad and his bloody regime.
Marjeh Square: a space of the would-be Syrian uprising « Spaces in Public
Despite protests in other locations in Damascus, mostly in the “suburbs,” the first protests on March 15 and 16 took place in the heart of Damascus in Marjeh Square. As the focal point of a sit-in and demonstration, Marjeh Square briefly gave a sense of place to any would-be uprising at the urban core of Damascus. In looking to Marjeh Square as a public space intimately intertwined with Syria’s modern history, we can perhaps glean the urban context of how a city’s spaces of revolt are formed and then transformed over time.
Symbols of the Syrian Regime Begin to Fall « the news in arabic
The ubiquitous visual representations of Asad’s cult of personality are becoming the targets of demonstrations in Syria. After 11 days of demonstrations in numerous Syrian cities, the statues and posters that are a familiar aspect of every Syrian’s life are now being stripped down from their prominent locations in some central squares. No footage has been reported of this happening in Syria’s two major cities Damascus and Aleppo, but Homs and Deraa are substantial cities in their own ways.
Syria’s presence in Lebanon is both covert (with thousands of security officers, many undercover) and overt – as this billboard in Beirut attests.
Middle East Today: Continuance of Political Upheavals in the Arab World
In Syria, the protestors’ movement has spread from Damascus to other cities. It was reported that the Syrian security police killed more than one hundred people in Dirra city. At the same time, the supporters of the regime have started their own movement to challenge those who are opposing the regime. In the meantime, it was reported that the protestors’ movements have spread to other cities in Syria, calling for political reforms and an end to corruption. President Bashaar el Asad promised the protesters political reforms such as freedom of expression, lifting emergency law and allowing political parties to participate in future elections. Meanwhile a counter demonstration spread in Syrian cities in support of the president. However, I doubt that the protesters will be appeased by the promises for political reforms made by the president.
Syria: Protesters Demolish Symbols of Regime · Global Voices
In Syria, the faces of President Bashar al-Assad and his father, former President Hafez al-Assad, are regularly seen on billboards, buildings, and in the form of statues. Visitors to the country are often surprised by the prevalence of such images, while Syrians have grown used to them as a daily feature of life. Yesterday, a number of videos surfaced in which protesters tear down the symbols of the regime: posters and statues of the ruling Assad family.
Iran: Syrians Protest “Neither Iran Nor Hezbollah!” · Global Voices
Several Iranian bloggers reacted to a slogan of Syrian protesters during Wednesday’s march where people chanted “Neither Iran, nor Hezbollah!” Syria is an ally of Iran and is also friendly with the militant group Hezbollah in Lebanon.
Essential Readings
Have the jihadis lost the moral high ground to the rebels? « The Immanent Frame
It has been a season of earthquakes, and the political ones in Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, and elsewhere in the Middle East may have shifted the moral high ground within Islamic opposition movements. Put simply, Tahrir Square may have trumped jihad.
In Egypt, Muslim Group Takes Lead Role in Post-Mubarak Era – NYTimes.com
In post-revolutionary Egypt, where hope and confusion collide in the daily struggle to build a new nation, religion has emerged as a powerful political force, following an uprising that was based on secular ideals. The Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamist group once banned by the state, is at the forefront, transformed into a tacit partner with the military government that many fear will thwart fundamental changes.
What is Political Sectarianism?
There is an ongoing spasm of activism in Lebanon directed towards changing the sectarian structure and ethos of the state. For the past five weeks, growing numbers of people have taken to the streets stating their refusal of both the March 14 and March 8 coalitions and demanding the end of sectarianism in Lebanon. It has been inspiring to see men and women from all age groups, areas and socio-economic strata march together through parts of Southern Beirut, East Beirut, West Beirut and the rest of the country shouting slogans such as “we want the end of political sectarianism”. By some counts (although it is always prudent to be wary of protestor counts) more than 10,000 people participated in the last protest. While it is still early to call what is happening a “movement” and it is definitely too early to call it an uprising, what is happening cannot, and should not, be discounted or cynically dismissed as doomed to failure. Even if it does fail in its stated goal of “overthrowing political sectarianism” it will have succeeded in inspiring thousands of people across Lebanon and its diaspora. It will have succeeded in being the impetus for the formation of networks that will last far beyond these weekly protests. However, before predictions of this group’s failure or success are made it is incumbent upon us to think seriously and critically about what ending political sectarianism entails, and consequently, about what sectarianism is and the myriad ways in which it functions to produce and animate the conditions of possibility for both “Lebanon” as a nation state and “Lebanese citizenship” as a category of everyday practice. Before entering a more in-depth analysis of these questions, I begin with a table that summarizes some of my claims.
How to Lose Friends and Alienate Your People
The extraordinary events that have been gripping the Arab world since December 2010 have demonstrated the steadfastness of Arab citizens across the region in the face of despotic regimes. But they have also demonstrated that Arab despots indeed engage in authoritarian learning. From Tunisia to Egypt to Bahrain to Libya to Morocco to Yemen to Syria (and the list goes on), Arab rulers have followed a peculiarly familiar pattern in the way they have—and are—responding to the protests calling for regime change.
Empire
Anthropologists Not Keen on Human Terrain Systems « CONNECTED in CAIRO
Al-Jazeera English is the latest media outlet to run an article on Human Terrain Systems (HTS) claiming “A new phalanx of anthropologist-warriors are being recruited, carrying ‘cultural scripts’ to battle”. Written by historian Mark LeVine, the article describes a brochure he received asking him to send job-hungry social scientists this way.
Barry Sheppard: Libya, imperialism, and ALBA « Louis Proyect: The Unrepentant Marxist
The unfolding of the Arab revolution is thus objectively and increasingly subjectively anti-imperialist. Washington’s system of domination in North Africa and the Mideast has been shaken. Israel’s role in this system has likewise been weakened. The Israeli ruling class feels itself becoming isolated by the rebellion, and its spokespeople are squealing in alarm. Israel is reacting by renewing attacks on Gaza and further settlements in the West Bank, driving to consolidate its rule from the Mediterranean to the Jordan River.
Not the usual media roundup, this report focuses on some of the questions raised in “The Libyan Revolution is Dead,” as part of a broader critique on the foreign military intervention in Libya, one week after it began. In particular, we examine:
* the political implications of the war in Western nations;
* the nature of the media spectacle, and how it resembles/differs from wars of the last 20 years;
* assessing the “successes” of the no-flight zone (NFZ) and what it allegedly prevented;
* the human rights frame, and the problem of evidence for “crimes;”
* the strategy behind the foreign military intervention, and the increasingly rapid slippage from one goal to the next;
* the slow but growing media analysis of “the rebels” in Libya, getting underneath some of the insurgents’ claims, followed by an examination of some of the promotional propaganda designed to sell them to Western audiences;
* growing critiques of the war, with perspectives from those outside of Western Europe and North America—one might say, from experts on imperialism for having been at its receiving end for many generations;
* and, finally, the folly of the late humanitarian project, that refuses to recognize its own complicity in creating the object of its destructive desires.Links to the relevant articles are to be found throughout.
Anthropologists and stereotypes about Libya and Japan
Have you tried googling “Japan” “earthquake” and “no looting”? Or “Libya” and “tribes”? It’s no big surprise to see stereotypical representations of other people in the news, but the ongoing historical developments in Libya and Japan might provide especially interesting examples.
Women
Arab women step forward – thestar.com
The protests that have swept Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen and Libya have brought Arab women out in numbers. No longer are they relegated to the sidelines. In Cairo, Rihab Assad, a 40-year old office manager, was astonished when she saw another woman with a megaphone shouting out chants to a largely male crowd, who echoed her calls. “To me,” said Assad, “this was something entirely new.”
Dr. Peggy Drexler: Women and Revolution — What Now?
Is the new boss the same as the old boss?
As protest rolls through the public squares of the Middle East one of more unusual sights is women standing shoulder to shoulder with men, risking their freedom and their lives.
An Interview with Yusra Tekbali on Libya » Muslimah Media Watch
Yusra: I thank the media for keeping its radar on Libya, especially as the situation gets more and more desperate. I would of course liked to have seen more detailed reports, which would include specific stories about Libyan women and the strife and daily hardship and unbearable conditions Gaddafi’s regime has brought upon them; however this is Libya–getting reporters in and getting reports out is extremely difficult.
Ida Lichter, M.D.: Muslim Women’s Self-reliance and Clinton’s Guidance Could Ensure Reforms
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has correctly warned that women’s rights in Tunisia and Egypt risk being undermined, endangering reforms to gender discriminatory laws and jeopardizing the vital social, economic and political contribution of half the population.
I gave the keynote address to the Model Arab League at Miami University. The address was entitled “Egypt’s Uprising: What’s Next?”
YouTube – Still No Equality for Women in Egypt
Egyptian women might be free from Mubarak, but their fight is not over. A women’s rights demonstration in Cairo, celebrating the 100th anniversary of International Women’s Day, ended in shouting, violence and sexual harassment.
YouTube – The women of Benghazi
With their husbands, sons and brothers at the frontlines, the women of Benghazi are busy supporting them with meals and supplies, preparing thousands of sandwiches and warm meals daily.Hoda Abdel Hamid reports from Benghazi, where the uprising began.
YouTube – Libya – Women Protest in Derna call for ouster of Gaddafi
The Bidun of Kuwait: A Look Behind the Laws
In Kuwait, some young Bidun men and women often wonder what more they could offer the country to get accepted as one of its own. Their fathers had lost their lives liberating Kuwait from the Iraqi invasion in the 1990 Gulf War.
In Yemen, female activist strives for an Egypt-like revolution – The Washington Post
Tawakkol Karman sat in front of her laptop, her Facebook page open, planning the next youth demonstration. Nearby were framed photos of her idols: the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela. These days, though, Karman is most inspired by her peers. “Look at Egypt,” she said with pride. “We will win.”
Libya
What I´m doing in Libya « revolutionology
Why has the Libyan revolution of 2011 has unfolded the way it has? Why now? What concerns do ordinary Libyans have? How do they see the world? Who are the people willing to put their lives on the line to get rid of Qaddafi? Why do some Libyans remain loyal to the Qaddafi government? And what factors might determine whether this revolt succeeds? To answer such questions, we need a textured understanding of Libyan society in 2011, and of the way revolutions happen in the age of Facebook, satellite TV, and mass media. That’s why I’m here.
Jordan
The Quick Death Of Shabab March 24 And What It Means For Jordan at The Black Iris of Jordan
When a group of young Jordanians from various backgrounds decided to hold a sit-in at the Interior Circle on March 24, the first thought that occurred to me was that this was a recipe for disaster. Given the security apparatus’s history with crowd control, there was no way a sit-in would be allowed outside the governorate office and so close to the Ministry of Interior. I was also filled to the brim with drawn out cliche conclusions about who these guys were and what their demands would be. I am generally weary of most protests, demonstrations and rallies in a country like Jordan as I feel they yield little results beyond getting some minor international media coverage. But I do understand the need for them in a country like Jordan where all other effective mechanisms of accountability are closed off to the public. In other words, unless people take to the streets there is little they can do by way of holding the political apparatus of this country accountable. In other words, these demonstrations do play their role in acting as organized pressure groups, in the total absence of actual organized pressure groups.
With stereotyped conclusions on one shoulder, and a low bar of expectations on the other, I decided to pay the sit-in a visit at 1am on a Thursday night after reading several “reports” that trucks filled with rocks were being mysteriously transported to the Interior circle to arm other groups aiming to attach the March 24 shabab. Not one to buy in to conspiracies, I went. And what I saw was quite baffling.
Jordan: One Death and Some Loss of Hope · Global Voices
Friday night marked the violent defeat of protests that began on March 24 (#March24) in Amman, Jordan. On Thursday night, protesters for democratic reform had camped out at the Dakhliyeh Circle (Ministry of Interior Circle). Throughout Friday more and more citizens gathered at the Dakhliyeh Circle raising their voices for political reform. They were met with counter-demonstrators holding up pictures of Jordan’s King Abdullah and throwing rocks.
Morocco
Morocco teachers say beaten by police during rally | World | Reuters
Moroccan police clashed with teachers demonstrating for better benefits Thursday, seriously injuring several people in the capital Rabat, participants said.
Various groups have stepped up protests in recent weeks, emboldened by successful uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia. Tens of thousands gathered in cities across the kingdom Sunday in one of the largest anti-government protests in decades.
Morocco: The Youth Rise Up – Video Library – The New York Times
An inside look at Morocco’s youth-led revolt, where a group of activists, formed on Facebook, organize nationwide protests demanding democracy.
Tunisia
Tunisians, Free but Still Without Work, Look Toward Europe – NYTimes.com
The revolution has changed much in this low-slung, whitewashed city on the Mediterranean coast. Residents no longer live in fear of the secret police, and speak openly of politics. Devout Muslims say they feel a new freedom to practice their faith. The red national flags that hang almost everywhere are no longer joined by the portrait of the ousted president, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali.
But scores of unemployed young men still slouch in the cafes in the afternoons, smoking water pipes, playing cards and sipping coffee. And at night, the fishing boats still ferry thousands of desperate workers across the Mediterranean to Europe.
Yemen
In Yemen rebellion, snakes have bitten – CNN
While the world focuses on bombing raids in Libya, a different scenario has been unfolding in Yemen, which would be the first country outside of North Africa in this recent era of uprisings to lose its long-term strongman, Ali Abdullah Saleh.
Dutch
De schepping van het Midden-Oosten | Tineke Bennema
Fascinerend om opnieuw en in detail te lezen hoe tijdens en na de Eerste Wereldoorlog het Midden-Oosten geschapen werd, door voornamelijk Engeland en Frankrijk en dan ook nog eens op advies van een handjevol diplomaten en arabisten (de Engelse Sykes en Franse Picot verdeelden in het pact met hun naam in 1916 Noord-Afrika en het Midden-Oosten in hapklare brokken voor eigen gebruik). Wie nu de loodrechte grenzen in het Midden-Oosten bekijkt, wordt meteen herinnerd aan Bell, Laurence, Sykes en Picot.
Welingelichte Kringen – Handige kaart: wanneer begon het in het Midden-Oosten en waarom ook al weer?
De volksopstand die Hosni Mubarak van zijn troon heeft gestoten, was slechts het begin van een golf van onrust in bijna alle regio’s van de Midden-Oosten. En het lijkt al weer tijden geleden dat in Tunesië president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali de vlucht moest nemen, toen begin februari de vonk vuur over sloeg naar Jordanië, Libanon en Soedan. En er zouden nog veel meer landen volgen.
Slate heeft een mooie animatiekaart met daarop de getijden van de demonstraties en de vergeldingen van de regimes van dag tot dag. Het begint in Tunesië en eindigt met het onopgeloste conflict in Libië. Je kunt met de groene pijl doorklikken voor de gebeurtenissen op de dagen of kies ‘Autoplay’.
De onrust in de Arabische wereld en het Midden-oosten… « Nieuwsblog nrc.next
Voor journalisten levert deze aanhoudende onrust een bijna onhandelbare stroom van informatie aan. Voor de lezer is het dan misschien moeilijk om uit alle artikelen en achtergrondverhalen nog een goed overzicht te krijgen over wat er nu allemaal waar aan de hand is.
Het verdwijnende christendom in het Midden-Oosten | www.dagelijksestandaard.nl
erontrustend is ook dat deze niet eens zo sluipende islamisering van het Midden-Oosten heeft plaatsgevonden in een tijd waarin het Westen oppermachtig was en de moslimwereld zwak, afhankelijk en deels door Europese machten gekoloniseerd. Deze ontwikkeling, die feitelijk reeds heeft plaatsgevonden, geeft veel meer te denken dan de vooralsnog hypothetische gevaren voor de islamisering van West-Europa (waar geen enkel zinnig mens trek in heeft). Wie het laatste wil keren, moet meer oog hebben voor het eerste. Dat vraagt om een brede en – vloek in de neo-nationalistische kerk – kosmopolitische blik.
Posted on March 22nd, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Multiculti Issues, Public Islam, Religious and Political Radicalization.
Introductie
In de vorige bijdragen in deze vier-delige serie hebben we kunnen zien dat
Secularisering van religie of religionisering van het seculiere
In deze slotbijdrage zal ik doorgaan op de bijdrage die Casanova heeft geleverd in Nijmegen. Daarbij begin ik waar ik vorige keer ge-eindigd ben: het management van religieus pluralisme.
Casanova: We kunnen niet meer gedachteloos seculier zijn – Nieuws – Reformatorisch Dagblad
„Onze conceptie van seculier moet bijgesteld worden. Seculier betekent niet alleen: los van religie, maar ook: een neutrale plek waar religies elkaar moeten ontmoeten. Dat is de betekenis van Augustinus’ begrip ”saeculum”, wereld: een tijdelijke plaats waar de heidenen en christenen met elkaar moeten leven in de stad van de mens.”
De godsdienstsocioloog bepleitte een invulling van het publiek domein waar plaats is voor een verscheidenheid aan religies die elkaar mogen beconcurreren zonder dat zij daarmee hun inhoud hoeven in te leveren. „Er zijn twee mogelijkheden: ofwel een seculiere staat die vrij is van religie en deze aan banden legt, ofwel een pluralisme zoals we dat aantreffen in Turkije, India en Indonesië: seculiere staten waarin de ene religie niet bevoordeeld wordt boven de andere.”
De rol van de staat is dus groot en volgens Casanova dient daarbij het besef te groeien dat er niet slechts één seculier model is waarbij het seculiere domein datgene is wat niet-religieus is. Het seculiere wordt mede bepaald door ons idee over wat religie is; vandaar ook de verschillen tussen bijvoorbeeld de VS en Europa en tussen Turkije en Frankijk. Er zijn verschillende seculiere modellen mogelijk en verschillende trajecten die landen kunnen volgen zoals Turkije laat zien dat op diverse punten een steeds verdergaande secularisering vertoont en tegelijkertijd een grotere invloed van islamitisch gedachtegoed op de politiek kent.
Natuurlijk komt de obsessie met islam ook vanwege de link met terrorisme al is het maar doordat er groepen moslims zijn die stellen (onder meer) vanuit de islam geïnspireerd in hun gewelddadige acties. De islam zou daarbij volgens sommigen zoals Amanda Kluveld gewelddadiger zijn dan bijvoorbeeld het christendom of het jodendom. Iemand als Chris Rutenfrans beaamt dit en stelt zelfs dat de islam intrinsiek gewelddadiger zou zijn, terwijl Cliteur stelt dat iedere religie een gewelddadige essentie heeft. De realiteit is oneindig veel complexer. Weliswaar is er geen enkele causale relatie tussen het voorkomen van geweld en religie, de stelling dat religie intrinsiek niet gewelddadig is, is ook niet vol te houden en evenmin dat een seculiere samenleving geen vormen van geweld kent die legitiem geacht worden. Geweld is echter niet het enige probleem dat aan religie of aan extremistische religie wordt toegeschreven. Een ander probleem zoals Thijs Kleinpaste (D66) en Marcel Duyvestijn (PvdA) betogen is dat religie teveel invloed zou hebben:
Wat doet God met mijn belastingformulier?
Die hoge status van religie in een seculiere samenleving zou komen omdat we het geloof in God hoger waarderen dan ‘willekeurig welke andere mening’. Dat laatste, het reduceren van religie tot een mening doet zeker geen recht aan religie waarin mensen gesocialiseerd worden en waarin rituelen, betekenisgeving en ervaringen een grote rol spelen. Begrijpelijk dan ook dat net dat punt op grote tegenkritiek vanuit religieuze hoek kan rekenen. Een beter voorbeeld van religieuze ongeletterdheid is bijna niet denkbaar of is het juist een uitstekende schets van wat religie heden ten dage nog is voor een groot deel van de bevolking? Dat zien we terug in een recent interview met Jeanine Hennis van de VVD. ‘Doe niet zo hysterisch’ – DePers.nl
Nou is het pleidooi voor een ‘meer beschouwend debat over de scheiding kerk-staat’ zo slecht nog niet; dat is namelijk nog nooit gebeurd in alle jaren islamdebat. Ook in haar opvattingen zien we een pleidooi voor (verdere) secularisering van religie; wat er overblijft is vrijheid van vergadering en meningsuiting. Dat haar seculiere opvattingen mede mogelijk zijn gemaakt door de vrijheid van religie wordt dan even vergeten; haar stellingname komt voort uit de observatie dat religie (nog steeds) ver is doorgedrongen in de staat. Dat is niet onterecht maar het geeft de staat juist de mogelijkheid religie te reguleren en te monitoren en mede de eigen identiteit van religieuze organisaties te bepalen. Een ander aspect dat ook in haar opvattingen terug te vinden is het aspect van vrije wil. Het klopt dat religies als islam en christendom mede gericht zijn op het disciplineren van mensen. Daarmee spreekt ze overigens zichzelf tegen want dat geeft aan dat religie meer is dan een mening en organisaties, maar dat is juist ook het probleem voor haar. Religie is niet slechts een mening in haar opvattingen en die van Kleinpaste en Duijvestein; religie moet verder terug gedrongen worden zodat het nog maar een mening is. De huidige vorm beperkt volgens Hennis de vrije wil van mensen; zelfs van kinderen. Nou gebeurt dat altijd in de opvoeding, maar wanneer dat vanuit religieus oogpunt gebeurt is dat blijkbaar problematisch.
Secularistische confessionalisering
Uiteindelijk zijn de discussies over religie terug te herleiden tot Casanova’s stellingname dat we kunnen kiezen uit een seculiere staat die religie uit het publieke domein verbant of voor een pluralistisch model. Daarmee wordt de staat eigenlijk opnieuw confessioneel maar dan in de zin dat ze secularistisch wordt en dat model ook oplegt aan het volk en de individuele burger. Het is daarmee geen neutraal model aangezien men religie uitsluit omdat het religie is. De tweede optie is pluralistisch model waarin de staat geen levensbeschouwing (dus ook niet de secularistische) bevoordeeld boven een andere.
Afgaande op de islamdebatten en wat in deel twee is gezegd over culturalisme neigen we op dit moment naar de eerste variant. De discussie over de scheiding kerk-staat en levensbeschouwing en het publieke domein wordt gevoerd vanuit een secularistisch kader over de rug van de islam heen waarbij de islam staat voor alles wat Nederland idealiter niet zou zijn: geen vrije wil, geen vrijheidsrechten en geen gelijke rechten voor mannen en vrouwen. Dat is een aspect waar Casanova niet of nauwelijks op inging tijdens de discussie na de lezing, maar dat wel degelijk van belang is beaamde hij later. Deze cultuurretoriek promoot zo een gehomogeniseerde en geïdealiseerde visie op de nationale morele gemeenschap en leidt tot uitsluiting (of insluiting op voorwaarden) van migranten. De voortdurende nadruk op moslims als buitenstaanders die zich zouden moeten aanpassen aan dit vanzelfsprekende ideaalbeeld heeft geleid tot wat Schinkel de paradox van integratie noemt. Migranten zijn onvermijdelijk onderdeel van de samenleving, maar tegelijkertijd ook buitenstaanders die aangepast moeten worden om te kunnen behoren tot de morele gemeenschap. Tegelijkertijd blijven zij, als allochtoon, buitenstaanders omdat met die term ook tweede en zelfs derde generatie als buitenstaander gecategoriseerd wordt. Dat is ideaal voor politici want dan kunnen zij blijven hameren op de onaangepastheid en onintegreerbaarheid van moslims. Op die manier krijgt men stemmen, status en tegenwoordig zelfs regeermacht en kan men ervoor zorgen dat moslims en/of migranten zich koest houden waardoor de huidige status quo gehandhaafd blijft en politici daadkrachtig blijven in een situatie waarin ze dat om allerlei redenen (zie onder mondialisering) helemaal niet meer kunnen zijn.
Dat bewijst ook die recente discussie over de hoofddoek weer. Sterker nog, die laat eigenlijk zien dat politici eigenlijk niet in staat zijn tot ook maar iets constructiefs. Weliswaar bedoelde Hennis niet alleen de hoofddoek als religieus symbool, maar het is wel het enige symbool dat ze noemt. Sterker nog het is het enige symbool dat ooit iemand noemt. Klaarblijkelijk zijn Nederlandse politici niet alleen niet in staat om iets te bewerkstelligen voor sociale cohesie, ze zijn niet eens in staat tot een ‘meer beschouwend debat’ over de plaats van religie en over het management van religieus pluralisme. In daarvan bedrijft men schijnpolitiek over de rug van vrouwen en moslims heen.
Deze entry is deel van een serie: De mislukking van het anti-multiculturalisme
Deel I – Windmolens
Deel II – Perverse culturalisering
Deel III – Post-secularisme
Deel IV – Secularistische intolerantie (verschijnt volgende week)
Posted on March 19th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Guest authors, Headline, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Guest Author: Samuli Schielke
As I write these final notes from the Egyptian revolution on my way back to Germany, I once again curse my amazingly bad timing regarding key events of the revolution. I arrived in Egypt on my first visit three days after the Friday of Anger, was dramatic key moment that made the old system lose its balance. I left five days before Hosni Mubarak resigned. I arrived on my second visit one day after the Essam Sharaf’s caretaker government took over. And I am leaving in the early morning hours of the constitutional referendum that will determine which way Egypt will be going in the coming months.
This decisive moment is just one of the many that Egypt has seen and will continue to see during this year. But as it is the moment when I leave Egypt, I seize it to offer some preliminary conclusions about the Egyptian revolution and the social and emotional dynamics it has released. I make no pretensions to neutrality. My account of the Egyptian revolution is an extremely partisan one, and I would consider it a failure if it weren’t so. There are times to look at things from a neutral distance, and there are times to take a stance. But while taking a stance, I have tried to be fair towards those whose views and actions I do not agree with. It has been difficult.
In November 2010 I spoke with the Egyptian journalist Abdalla Hassan who told me that there will be a revolution in Egypt soon. I replied him that there is no way there will be a revolution in Egypt, and in any case, I find a revolution a bad idea because in revolutions things get broken, people get killed, and in the end the wrong people seize the power. I was obviously wrong about the point as to whether there will be a revolution in Egypt or not. However, at the moment it looks like that all my three reasons to be opposed to a revolution are turning out to be true. And yet I continue to think that the revolution was a good thing, one of the best things that have happened to Egypt since a long time.
To start with, things don’t look too good to be honest. There is strong mobilisation for a “No” vote for the sake of a new democratic constitution to finish the job of the revolution. The activists of the “No” vote who for too long a while were focussed on demonstrations, the press and the Internet, have finally taken to debating and spreading leaflets in the streets. But they are facing a much stronger mobilisation by an unholy alliance of Mubarak’s National Democratic Party, the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Salafis, for a “Yes” vote, with tacit support of the army. A “Yes” vote will mean a consolidation of what remains of the old system, and it will mean early elections that are likely to be dominated by an alliance of the old system and Islamists. In Cairo the “Yes” and “No” campaigns appear to have approximately equal strength, but in Alexandria, where the Salafis are especially strong, they have been not only speaking out loudly for their point of view, they also quite reject the possibility of there being a different point of view. According to newspaper reports, they have been aggressively trying to prevent the “No” campaign from spreading its message in Alexandria. Despite the widely publicised measures to guarantee a transparent election, there are already reports of vote-rigging on the countryside and in Upper Egypt. The odds are at the moment that the “Yes” vote will prevail due to a mixture of trustful expectation of a quick return to normality among a very large part of Egyptians, the organising power of Islamist movements, the tacit “Yes”-campaign by the state media, and some fraud. But the outcome is not certain, and that in itself is a major progress in Egypt. (For more details on the arguments for and consequences involved in a “Yes” or “No” vote, see my previous post)
Scenarios for the future
I spent yesterday, my last day in Egypt, from the morning until the evening meeting my friends in Cairo. They represent a very particular selection of Egyptians. They are all going to vote “No”, and they all think that Egypt needs more social and gender equality, more freedom, and a civil state ruled by a democratic government, without the Muslim Brothers if possible. But their assessment of the situation is different, each coming up with a different scenario of Egypt’s future.
My friend from southern Cairo is the most pessimistic one. She sees that the Muslim Brothers and the Salafis are about to take over, be it directly or indirectly, and that there is a grave danger that the promises of democracy and freedom will be betrayed by a conservative religious turn that will put an end to the little bit of freedom there was for different ways of life in Egypt under Mubarak. In her view, the nationalists and leftist were very naive to join the Muslim Brotherhood in the temporary alliance to overthrow Mubarak because the Muslim Brothers are the ones who will profit now due to their superior organisation. She argues that since the system was so weak that it fell after less than three weeks of demonstrations, it would have been very well possible indeed to gradually reform it. A gradual reform of the old system, she argues, would have been better because it would not have given the Islamists the chance to dominate which they are offered now. Maybe, I say, but now things are as they are. So what to do now? She does not have a plan, but she points out that whatever its political consequences, the revolution has released a longing for freedom and unsettled the logic of gender relations. This shift can substantially change Egyptian society in the coming years, but it needs to get the chance to evolve.
F.E., a long-standing socialist activist, is much more optimistic. “Whatever the outcome of the referendum, we have already gained a lot.” Many socialist and communist movements that were previously working in illegality are now working publicly. Some of them are well connected with the new free trade unions in Egypt’s industrial centres. Left wing parties and organisations are mushrooming. The crucial issue, in F.E.’s view, is to create a functioning network to facilitate their work to compete with the Muslim Brotherhood and the NDP. In F.E.’s view it is in a way good that the Muslim Brotherhood decided to join the “Yes” campaign because by doing so “they have proven to everybody what we already knew: that they are a part of the system”. In F.E.’s view, there is a likelihood that the Muslim Brotherhood comes to power in alliance of parts of the old system. But it won’t be a disaster since it will only be making official what has been unofficially going on since the 1970’s. With the gradual withdrawal of the state from its role as a service provider in the course of economical liberalisation, the Islamist movements and religious actors in general were given the role of non-governmental service providers in the new neoliberal system of governance. Due to this deal, F.E. says, the Muslim Brothers have a societal advantage which the socialists and the labour movement now have to catch up with by entering the streets and the popular neighbourhoods and defeating the Islamists in their home ground. A part of the plan is to raise lawsuits against Muslim Brotherhood-dominated charities which often link their services with ideological conditions, which is against the law on charitable institutions (F.E. is lawyer by training, he knows). But the crucial point is to be there for the people, to offer services and to be socially active: “The poor people cannot afford to be ideological. If you go to them and offer them assistance, they take it. It doesn’t take much ideology to tell the difference between one loaf of bread, and two loafs.” In F.E.’s view, right now is the finest hour of the Muslim Brotherhood, but their days are counted because in the end they are a part of the corrupt old system, and will not be able to solve the problem of social inequality – the issue that took the people to the streets.
W., also a long-standing socialist and since years a cultural activist, is a little less enthusiastic about the networking capacities of the leftist movement. He, too, has been intensively involved in the revolution, and as I meet him in the evening, he is exhausted. Not only has he been participating in a number of cultural activities and a leaflet campaign on the eve of the referendum, he is also a member of the citizen’s checkpoint in the area of the cultural centre where he works. Yesterday he attended the founding meeting of yet another socialist party. He is not so worried about the splintering of leftist parties, however. What troubles him is that trade unions are at the moment so busy presenting their demands to the ministries that they have no concentration for the wider political situation. These demands, which typically involve improved pay and a change in management structures, are known in Egypt currently as “the demands of professional groups” (matalib fi’awiya), which has become something of a curse word. For activists like W, they are an ambivalent business, partly a crucial part of political action, partly detrimental to coordinating the pursuit of more general objectives.
Dr. A., a psychologist concerned with the spiritual aspect of religion as a way to help people find agency in their lives, says that he is neither a pessimist or an optimist: Pessimism and optimism, he argues, are attitudes of the time before the revolution, now is a time to work. He says that when people discuss the referendum with him, he doesn’t say what he will vote, but only encourages them to vote and take the decision in their own hands. He will vote “No”, he says, but what is more important for him is the level of political consciousness and spontaneous activity by young people who never had that experience before. “When I was at the Friday prayer today, after the prayer there were people spreading ‘Yes’ leaflets and others spreading ‘No’ leaflets, people whom I had never before seen being socially active. I went to the guy with the “No” leaflets and thanked him for just that.” We discuss what will happen to this drive of activity if the majority vote will be a “Yes”. I’m concerned that a victory of the “Yes” vote, which would be the first major setback for the revolutionaries (excepting, of course, the Muslim Brothers who go for “Yes”), will cause a major wave of frustration and make many people give up again. The question, Dr. A. replies, is about turning the spirit of revolution into experience. The revolution is an emotional state, and as such it is transient even if it leaves a strong trace on one. But it also comes with a practical experience, and that practical experience is changing a significant part of Egypt in these very days.
Revolution is a sledgehammer: Contradictory changes and social dynamics
That change will be a contradictory one. A revolution is a sledgehammer, good for breaking the walls of oppression and frustration. It is a way of changing things that causes a lot of damage, it is risky, and there is no way to tell how things will eventually turn out. One can draw so many comparisons to the Iranian revolution 0f 1979, to the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917, to the revolutions of the Eastern Block in 1968 and 1989, and the youth revolution in western Europe and Northern America in 1968 – but the only thing that one learns is that revolutions are fundamentally unpredictable. Afterwards, we will be able to name the actors, the groups, the dynamics, and the decisions that determined the course of events. But beforehand, nobody knows.
What I do know is this: Egypt’s revolution of 25 January built on a number of social dynamics that were present in Egypt already years before, and which have now been partly magnified, and partly transformed.
Number one is the reintroduction of capitalism since the 1970’s after a period of Arab socialism, and the enormous social impact of neoliberal governance that gave enormous wealth to a political-economical elite, some wealth to a new middle class, and an enormous gap of promises and reality to the biggest part of the population. Egypt in the age of Mubarak was a liberal dictatorship, with vast opportunities for investment, beautiful new malls and resorts, space for different lifestyles on the condition of sufficient funds, an extremely stratified class society, and a brutal and arrogant security apparatus that treated citizens like criminals and had criminals on its paycheck. As Walter Armbrust has argued in an early and very fitting analysis, the revolution of 25 January 2011 was directed first and foremost against this conglomerate of big money, class and family privileges, and everyday oppression, and whether and to what degree this conglomerate will change in favour of ordinary Egyptians, will be the primary measure-stick on which the people who undertook the revolution will measure its success.
Number two is the wave of a very particular kind of religious conservatism that Egypt has been experiencing since thirty years. In the past decade this religious conservatism took a markedly unpolitical, primarily socially engaged shape, but it now turns out that this was very much due to the constraints of the Mubarak system that worked systematically to depoliticise social movements. Now religious conservatism has become an openly political (and so have left wing cultural projects, by the way) again, thus also creating new kinds of divisions. Some of my colleagues have argued that the revolutionary protest has offered a new language of dissent, a new logic to think about the relationship of state, society, religion, and the individual which is “asecular” in the words of Hussein Agrama, because it stands outside the contrast of the secular and the religious. This could indeed be the impression if one focusses on the utopian moment of revolutionary protest. But that the utopian moment of a revolutionary protest and now we are in entering the period of transition. The shared spirit of protest has become impossible to hold once the common goal was reached, although it is likely to have some positive effects on Egypt’s politics in the next years. The political developments of the transitional period are providing for a spectacular comeback of that contrast in new forms, most disturbingly in the shape of the Salafis with their rejection of the very idea of democracy as un-Islamic, but also in a less destructive way in the way leftist and nationalist political actors are now rearranging their ranks to face the alliance of the old system and the Muslim brotherhood. Turning Agrama’s analysis around, the re-politicisation of religious conservatism is providing not so much specific norms – after all, Egypt is for the biggest part a conservative and religious society anyway – than specific questions that it obliges Egyptians to ask and answer (I am thinking for example, about the discussion about the Islamic state between R. and Y. in my note from 15 March).
But more important than who will run the country in the next four or eight years is the peculiar nature of this religious conservatism as an integral part of the neoliberal system of governance as F.E the socialist pointed out. The power of Islamist ideals of politics and society over Egypt is interlinked with the experience of an increasingly amoral society moving away from a conservative communal experience towards a competitive, fragmented social experience where morals are learned from the book. The power of the Islamist promise of good life rises and falls with the neoliberal capitalist utopia/dystopia. While I am not much of a socialist myself, I therefore think that socialists and the labour movement may have more to say in future than may seem right now.
Number three is the strained relationship of ordinary people with the state, which for a long time has been marked by seeking the patronage of the state/business authorities, and cursing the humiliation which one experienced while doing so. Burning the police stations on 28 January was a radical, impulsive reaction against this experience, and it has released highly contradictory dynamics. Until today, there is very little police on the streets of Egypt’s cities, although technically the police should have been able to return weeks ago. Partly it has made things better, as people have to suffer a lot less insults and derision than they used to. Partly it has made things more colourful, with street vendors who used to play cat and mouse with the police now working freely in Cairo’s shopping streets. But for a big part, it is a serious problem in face of the increase in crime – and in fear of crime – that followed the revolution, further aggravated by the large number of police firearms that got into private hands on 28 January. The fear of crime and violence is the strongest argument in the hands of those who want things to get back to as they were. Those who want to push for the sake of continuing revolution tend to place the blame on the police itself, seeing in the delayed return of the police to the street a continued campaign of intimidation. But I think that more is at stake. A main reason appears to be that the police officers are very hesitant to take their new role as servants of the people. There is very strong resistance against criminal investigations against police officers. In the beginning of this week, police forces in Alexandria marched out of the courts they were supposed to protect in protest against court cases against three police officers accused of killing protesters. This spirit was most arrogantly marked by the video circulating on the Internet in early March, showing a police chief telling the policemen that “we are the masters of the country.” The burning of the police stations has been a traumatic event for the police force, and an ambiguous one for the citizens who note the new politeness of the few police officers in the streets with great satisfaction, but also suffer from the new insecurity of violent crime. The relation of the citizens and the police will remain an open question for a while, and while there seems to be no return to times past, it is unclear whether a new sound base for policing will be found. The relationship will remain strained. And the weapons that moved to private hands will stay that way, and violent crime is likely to become a more permanent menace in Egyptians’ daily life.
Number four is the crisis of patriarchal authority so dramatically marked in the Oedipal father murder which the revolutionaries committed on Mubarak, the clientelistic father-godfather of the nation. I wrote more about this point back in February, at the moment I want to point out that this was a move by no means a shared undertaking by all Egyptians. A lot of people did not believe that Mubarak would go until the last minute, and did not dare or care to go out to the streets. These people, too, are now claiming the revolution as theirs, but for them it has a different emotional significance. And those who did believe that Mubarak would go and who put their faith into a revolution without visible leaders, had quite different ideas of what would replace the figure of the respected and feared collective father. Things are in the movement, and some are searching for new reliable sources of authority while others are claiming the freedom to speak out what is in one’s heart and yet others are experimenting with non-hierarchical organisation and pluralistic debate. This shift in authority and in the entitlement to a voice will be the biggest and bitterest struggle that Egypt will face in the next decades.
Revolution and emotions
This is why I think the Egyptian revolution is a good thing although things have been broken, people have been killed, and the wrong people are likely to get into power. Egypt of the past decade was marked by an enormous contrast of great promises and high expectations on the one hand, and a sense of humiliation, depression and frustration. The 25 January revolution opened up a different way to feel about the world, and things got into movement. Some things will get back to the way they were, some will get better, a lot of things will get worse. But they are not just happening to people. One can do something about one’s share in the world. So many people in Egypt felt that nothing can be done, and many of them now feel that something can be done after all. They will do that something now, for better or worse.
Revolution is indeed an emotional state, and it is an intense, nervous and stressful one. One cannot go on that way for very long. The turn from the state of revolution to a state of transition is also a time of exhaustion and bad nerves. R., an artist, is sick with a “post-revolutionary flue” as she calls it. Like many others whom I have met, she is emotionally exhausted, and says that the past month and a half has been the most stressful time in her life. Although I myself have spent only three weeks in Egypt since the revolution began, my nerves are wrecked, too. I have started smoking again, and I sleep very badly. And yet unlike many others, I haven’t been through any really bad experiences. But there is a constant anxiety, and it is of the same kind of the anxiety of M. who found it quite wearing to find this country one’s own. Like so many Egyptians who share this feeling, I am anxious because I care. Having lived so long in a country that seemed so stalled, so doomed to face just more and more of the same, it is not a bad thing to be anxious in this way.
Greetings from Egypt in transition!
Samuli Schielke is a research fellow at Zentrum Moderner Orient (ZMO), Berlin. His research focusses on everyday religiosity and morality, aspiration and frustration in contemporary Egypt. In 2006 he defended his PhD Snacks and Saints: Mawlid Festivals and the Politics of Festivity, Piety and Modernity in Contemporary Egypt at the University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences. During his stay in Cairo at the time of the protests at Tahrir Square he maintained a diary. The text here is part of that diary which you can read in full at his blog. He also wrote “Now, it’s gonna be a long one” – Some first conclusion on the Egyptian Revolution
Posted on March 18th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Het is vrijdag. En het is revolutiedag. En die revolutie wordt steeds bloediger.
Yemen
Volgens CNN zijn er tenminste 33 doden gevallen bij het vrijdagprotest nadat veiligheidstroepen en wellicht ook pro-regerings activisten het vuur openden op de menigte. De protesten zouden plaatsvinden nabij Sana’a University, Aden en Hodeida.
Bron: Pomed
Over hoe het allemaal begon in Yemen: How it Started in Yemen: From Tahrir to Taghyir
Syrië
“God, Syrië, Vrijheid”
Een kleine demonstratie werd uit elkaar gedreven door de veiligheidspolitie. Dit was al de derde demonstratie in Damascus. Afgelopen woensdag was er een stille tocht voor de vrijlating van politieke gevangenen. Ongeveer 1/5 werd opgepakt en aangeklaagd.
Bron: Pomed
Bahrain
Saoedi Arabië heeft afgelopen weken troepen gestuurd naar Bahrain. Ik weet niet of we dat ook een humanitaire interventie noemen. Of zou het dat zijn wanneer Iran dat zou doen om de demonstranten te steunen? Of dan juist niet? Inmiddels heeft ook Qatar bevestigd dat ze troepen stuurt ter ondersteuning van het regime.
Voor een regelmatige update over Bahrain: A State of Violence [Notes from the Bahraini Field- Update 7] en Global Voices Online. De commentaren in de Nederlandse pers gaan vooral over de tegenstelling tussen shia moslims en de soennitische heersers. Andere zaken spelen daar echter dwars doorheen zoals kolonialisme, de verhouding tussen Iran en Saoedi Arabië en de interne politiek in Saoedi-Arabië.
Jordanië
In Jordanië zijn de demonstranten ontevreden vanwege het lage tempo van de hervormingen en men heeft vreedzaam gedemonstreerd ondanks de start van de nationale dialoog morgen.
Libië
Ik heb serieuze twijfels bij de militaire interventie in Libië. Nog even afgezien van het feit dat we vooral de Libische staat in bedwang moeten houden omdat het Westen wapens heeft geleverd aan deze ‘voorbeeldige’ staat, kunnen we ons afvragen of de Libische Lente nu niet is omgeslagen in een hete Navo zomer. We mogen ons wel weer lekker goed voelen met deze humanitaire interventie (maar zie Iran, Saoedi-Arabië en Qatar in relatie tot Bahrain), maar waarom zouden we Libië helpen? En niet Yemen of Bahrain, of Oezbekistan of Syrië of Palestina? Met het overduidelijke meten met twee maten lijkt deze (en andere) humanitaire interventie vooral op een vorm van humanitair imperialisme zo betoogt M. Forte, niet helemaal onterecht. En wat is dat nou weer dat Nederland zo staat te springen om zich weer in een oorlog te storten? Want ik verwacht dat het dat wordt; een no-fly zone heeft nog nooit een regime ten val gebracht dus waarom nu wel? Of accepteren we dat Gadafi wint ook met een no-fly zone? Dat gaat een gezellige tijd worden dan. Natuurlijk moet Gadafi weg, maar wat krijgen we dan terug? Hebben we enig idee eigenlijk wie we steunen? Een veel gestelde vraag is ook, maar wat wil je dan? Niks doen? Ik weet niet wat wel zou moeten gebeuren, maar een oorlog beginnen omdat je anders ook niet weet wat te doen is wel een heel beroerde redenering. En het maakt de oorlog al helemaal niet juist en rechtvaardig. Daarbij komt ook nog dat humanitaire interventie nou meestal ook niet direct leidt tot een daling van het dodental.
Behalve problemen met deze gewapende actie (waar ik vanwege de opstandelingen ook nog wel enig sympathie voor heb) is het vooral de kritiekloosheid in de media die me dwars zit. Gaan we weer dezelfde kant op als met Irak en Afghanistan waar de media nauwelijks kritische vragen durfden te stellen over het besluitvormingsproces en het idee dat we uiteindelijk (ondanks alle leugens van uit de VS) toch die mensen gingen ‘bevrijden’? En wat willen we daar nu eigenlijk doen? Het zal best goed voelen om te vinden dat je moreel gezien bij de ‘good guys’ hoort, maar enige terughoudendheid lijkt me echt op z’n plaats en een meer afstandelijke kritische houding noodzakelijk.
Volg de uitstekende live updates bij Al Jazeera en ook bij NRC en Global Voices. Intussen heeft Libië een wapenstilstand afgekondigd. Afwachten of dat serieus is.
Marokko
Gisteren is in Marokko gedemonstreerd en ook dat protest verliep gewelddadig.
Saudi Arabia
In een speech gisteren waarschuwde koning Abdullah dat de protesten de stabiliteit van de natie aantasten en dat dat niet getolereerd zal worden. Hij kondigde gelijk wat extra geld aan voor iedereen. Eigenlijk was het een live-uitzending van de ‘ruler’s burgain’ zeg maar: het afkopen van de wens om politieke participatie voor geld en andere sociaal-economische voordelen.
Palestina
In Palestina (Gaza en Westbank) demonstreerden burgers voor eenheid tussen Fatah en Hamas (afgelopen dinsdag). Er is wat onduidelijkheid over het optreden van Hamas daarbij, maar het lijkt erop dat men geweld heeft gebruikt om een sit in op te breken.
Posted on March 17th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Multiculti Issues, Public Islam.
Introductie
In de vorige bijdragen in deze vier-delige serie hebben we kunnen zien dat
Dat maakt de speeches waarin recent het failliet van het multiculturalisme maar weer eens beleden wordt, nogal vreemd. Men richt zich tegen A terwijl dat eigenlijk niet bestaan heeft en men roept op tot een versterking van B ten einde de eigen nationale identiteit te versterken. Waarom doet men dat? Twee zaken spelen een rol; globalisering en individualisering aan de ene kant (hier zal ik slechts kort op ingaan) en de Europese samenleving als post-seculiere samenleving aan de andere kant.
Individualisering en mondialisering
Waar het om gaat is in principe het idee dat iedere samenleving een bepaalde mate van sociale cohesie en gedeelde waarden nodig heeft om te kunnen functioneren. Deze sociale cohesie wordt echter niet (alleen) ondermijnt doordat er mensen zijn die geen deel hebben aan de consensus van waarden, maar ook door andere factoren: een vergaande individualisering, grotere verschillen tussen arm en rijk en toenemende invloeden door mondialisering waardoor individuele burgers maar ook politici steeds minder controle hebben over hun eigen omgeving. Dat maakt ook de opmerkingen van Cameron cs. wel weer begrijpelijk evenals het feit dat ze schijnbaar in vruchtbare grond landen; achter die opmerkingen namelijk schuilt een nogal nostalgische hunkering naar een sterke nationale identiteit en een idee van gedeelde waarden en normen dat verder gaat dan de voor velen nogal oppervlakkige basis van een maatschappij gebaseerd op consumptie. Dit alles echter verbloemen door te wijzen op culturele assimilatie maakt het makkelijker te negeren dat de afkeer van de Nederlandse samenleving die sommige jongeren vertonen ook zijn grond heeft in de negatieve benadering die die jongeren ervaren van dezelfde samenleving of in de medeplichtigheid van de Nederlandse staat in onzalige bezettingsavonturen in Irak en Afghanistan of in het onbarmhartige afwijzen van Libische en Tunesische vluchtelingen dezer dagen of in het opzichtig meten met twee maten als het gaat om het naleven van democratische idealen wanneer het gaat om het volk in het Midden-Oosten. In plaats daarvan lijken we ons liever te richten op allerlei zichtbare en daardoor makkelijk te identificeren symbolen als hoofddoek, handen schudden en overlastgevende praktijken van jongeren. Dat leidt eveneens de aandacht af dat ook autochtonen lang niet verenigd zijn in een consensus over seculiere en seksuele vrijheden. Het creëert een beeld van eenheid en eensgezindheid waar deze niet bestaat en ook nooit bestaan heeft; er is altijd een multiculturele arena geweest.
Post-secularisme
Recent gaf de eminente wetenschapper José Casanova een lezing, workshop en seminar in Nijmegen aan de Radboud Universiteit, met als titel ‘God in a cold climate’. In zijn bijdragen richt hij zich op de vraag hoe we de groeiende tegenstelling in de wereld kunnen verklaren tussen enerzijds een zeer seculier Europa en anderzijds een religieuze rest van de wereld. In tegenstelling tot wat vaak gedacht wordt is namelijk Europa niet zozeer leidend als het gaat om secularisering, maar Europa is een uitzondering, een exceptional case. Het idee was lange tijd dat naarmate een samenleving meer modern wordt, zij ook minder religieus wordt. En voor Europa lijkt dat te kloppen. Voor bijvoorbeeld de VS niet. Religie speelt daar een zeer belangrijke rol en voor Amerikanen is ‘to be modern’ gelijk aan ‘being religious’. Voor andere landen bijvoorbeeld China geldt weer een ander patroon; er zijn met andere woorden meerdere patronen van modernisering en van secularisering. En ook binnen Europa doen zich meerdere patronen voor. Zo is Oost-Duitsland volgens Casanova het meest seculiere deel van Europa, maar niet het meest moderne. Nederland en Zwitserland zijn vergelijkbaar als het gaat om moderniteit, maar Nederland is seculierder.
Een belangrijk verschil tussen gebieden in Europa, maar zeker tussen Europa en de VS heeft betrekking op confessionaliteit vs. denominationalisme. Europa, en zeker West-Europa, heeft een confessioneel model. Er bestaat weliswaar de mythe dat de Westfaalse vrede van 1648 godsdienstvrijheid heeft gebracht, maar volgens Casanova is niets minder waar. Die vrede heeft geleid tot een model waarin religie verbonden werd de staat, vervolgens gold die ene religie voor het volk als geheel en uiteindelijk ook voor op individueel niveau. Casanova ziet dit als de confessionalisering van de staat. Wat er in de jaren ’60 is gebeurd met de ontzuiling in Nederland is in dit opzicht dan ook niet zozeer secularisering als wel een de-confessionalisering van het individu, volgens het volk en vervolgens ook de staat.
De VS heeft nooit een confessioneel model gehad; de staat heeft zich nooit bekend tot één religie (of beter gezegd nog de ge-institutionaliseerde variant ervan: de kerk), maar juist de ruimte geboden aan pluralisme. Opmerkelijk genoeg ook de ruimte aan die groepen die zich in Europa niet wilden neerleggen bij het gezag van de staat en/of de confessionalisering van de staat. Dat betekent dat in de VS religie zeer sterk is op het niveau van civil society, maar dat de verhouding met de staat een compleet andere is. Waar vroeger in Nederland het leven van velen zich afspeelde binnen katholieke parochies of protestantse gemeenten, is in de VS dat slechts één (maar wel belangrijk) aspect van het leven. Religie is daar, zo zou men kunnen betogen, verregaand geseculariseerd. Waarin in het Europese model dus de staat een religieuze identiteit oplegde, is in het Amerikaanse denominatie model de affiliatie vrijwillig en legt de staat geen religie op.
Die verschillen betekenen ook een fundamenteel verschil in omgang met pluralisme; in Amerika een gegeven en misschien zelfs wel onderdeel van de Amerikaanse identiteit, in Europa juist iets wat gepacificeerd moet worden want religieus verschil kan leiden tot conflicten. Dit laatste zien we bij uitstek terug in de speeches over het falen van het multiculturalisme waarin opnieuw getamboereerd wordt over de ‘eigen’ identiteit, de aanwezigheid van migranten wier culturele patronen leiden tot problemen en spanningen die weggewerkt moeten worden. Daarbij speelt mee dat het secularisme intussen ons verinnerlijkt perspectief en kader is geworden; het is vanzelfsprekend dat ‘wij’ seculier zijn en wat dat precies betekent blijft verborgen. Waar de staat zich dus eerst bekende tot een religie en die oplegde aan het volk en waarbij individuele burgers vervolgens ook zich tot die ene religie bekenden, heeft de staat nu een secularistisch model opgelegd aan zichzelf, vervolgens aan het volk als geheel en intussen is ook voor individuele burgers secularisme het vanzelfsprekende kader geworden. Net zo goed als voorheen religie vaak vanzelfsprekend onderdeel van het dagelijks leven was.
Aan dat onbesproken karakter van secularisme lijkt een einde gekomen te zijn, zo laten de speeches onder meer zien. In die zin zouden we met Habermas kunnen spreken van een post-seculiere situatie. Niet in de zin van een einde van het secularisme, maar in de zin van een toenemende reflectie op wat het seculiere karakter van de samenleving nu eigenlijk is of zou moeten zijn. Aangezien secularisme niet kan bestaan zonder religie (het is een begrippenpaar; beiden veronderstellen elkaar) betekent dit ook dat het debat vooral gaat over de positie van religie in de samenleving. De veelgesproken terugkeer van religie bestaat niet als zodanig; wat we hebben is een obsessie met religie als maatschappelijk vraagstuk.
De redenen die Casanova daarvoor gaf hebben onder meer betrekking op het aspect van mondialisering zoals ik dat hierboven al besproken heb. Eén aspect van die mondialsering is internationale migratie die ertoe bijdraagt dat Europese natie-staten pluriformer worden dan ooit tevoren. De problemen met betrekking tot islam zijn dan mede terug te voeren op het aloude probleem van de Europese staten: het managen van religieus pluralisme. En juist door mondialisering, individualisering en migratie hebben staten daar minder greep op en dus ook minder greep op het bewaren van de sociale cohesie. Waar dit alles toe leidt? Daarover volgende week meer in het allerlaatste deel van deze serie.
Deze entry is deel van een serie: De mislukking van het anti-multiculturalisme
Deel I – Windmolens
Deel II – Perverse culturalisering
Deel III – Post-secularisme
Deel IV – Secularistische intolerantie (verschijnt volgende week)
Posted on March 13th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Blogosphere, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Most popular on Closer last week
Previous updates: : Tunisia Uprising I – Tunisia Uprising II – Tunisia / Egypt Uprising Essential Reading I – The Egypt Revolution – A Need to Read List. See also the section Society and Politics in the Middle East (Dutch and English guest contributions).
Essential Reading
Egypt’s revolution and the new feminism « The Immanent Frame
The youth-driven Revolution of 2011, with its call for freedom and justice, is inscribing a new feminism, with a fresh lexicon and syntax. The new feminism—which does not go by the name “feminism,” but by its spirit—redefines the words freedom, liberation, justice, dignity, democracy, equality, and rights. It creates its own syntax, which, the dictionary reminds us, is the “arrangement of words to show their connection and relation.” It announces itself from deep within the Revolution, which aims to resurrect the fundamental principles and rights of citizens and human beings that were wantonly trampled down by the Mubarak government. The new feminism might be called, simply, “freedom, equality and justice for all.” It asserts itself in actions, straight-forwardness, and courage.
Make sure women can lead in the Middle East – Bikya Masr
WASHINGTON: In Libya, Egypt, Bahrain, Yemen, Tunisia and elsewhere, women have stood with men pushing for change. In Libya, Iman and Salwa Bagaighif are helping lead, shape and support protesters. And in Egypt, the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, one of the oldest and most well-known non-governmental organizations in Egypt, estimated that at least 20 per cent of the protesters were women.
Middle East Protest: Women Demonstrate In Egypt, Libya, Yemen (PHOTOS)
“The bodies of women, so often used as ideological battlegrounds, have withstood all kinds of police violence, from tear gas to live bullets,” organizers of Egypt’s Million Woman March are quoted by CNN as saying. “The real battleground did not differentiate between women and men.”
Take a look at women involved in the protests in Egypt, Libya, Bahrain and other nations here:
Women of the revolution – Features – Al Jazeera English
When 26-year-old Asmaa Mahfouz wrote on Facebook that she was going to Cairo’s Tahrir Square and urged all those who wanted to save the country to join her, the founding member of the April 6 Youth Movement was hoping to seize the moment as Tunisians showed that it was possible for a popular uprising to defeat a dictator.
The French Revolution is the example which should most warn women, in particular, not to put too much trust in the power of revolutions. Women participated in it in large numbers. But what they got out of it, ultimately, was Napoleon Bonaparte and the Napoleonic Code which established the husband’s supremacy over the wife.
This is not intended to discount the importance of what’s happening in Egypt or in Tunisia, just to point out that we shouldn’t automatically assume that revolutions against a tyrant are going to benefit everyone in the society equally.
Will Women Benefit from Middle East Revolution? | Middle East | English
When the dust of Egypt’s revolution began to settle and the country struggled toward a democratic government, many of the women who stood side-by-side with men in Cairo’s Tahrir Square were struck that not one woman was named to the committee to reform the constitution.
Women of the Revolution: Middle East Uprisings Shaped by Women of Egypt and Libya – ABC News
The wave of change sweeping across the Arab world has finally given women a voice. Everywhere I went in the region, I was impressed and surprised by the women I saw. Something changed; a barrier was broken, and they felt empowered and determined to bring down regimes that had denied them their freedom for too long.
Women in the Middle East Revolutions « Louise Acheson
I wonder then, based on the current revolutions occurring across the North African belt, if we will see a step forward or backwards in the education and position of women, or if this revolution will be used by the new leaders as an opportunity to regain a tighter hand of control by ‘dumbing down’ and disallowing the education of women to the levels currently encouraged.
What Do The Revolutions Mean For Women?
But as the dust settles on Tunisia and Egypt’s unusually peaceful revolutions, women inside and outside of those countries are asking what’s next for them.
The Middle East feminist revolution – By Naomi Wolf
Among the most prevalent Western stereotypes about Muslim countries are those concerning Muslim women: doe-eyed, veiled, and submissive, exotically silent, gauzy inhabitants of imagined harems, closeted behind rigid gender roles. So where were these women in Tunisia and Egypt?
Imperial Feminism, Islamophobia, and the Egyptian Revolution
Of course a democratic Egypt would benefit women. The government recently passed a law restricting the work of civil society organizations, many of them led by women. The current regime is responsible for widespread human rights violations, including intense forms of harassment and violence against women, which many organizations such as Nazra for Feminist Studies, the Egyptian Center for Women’s Rights, and the Egyptian Association for Community Participation Enhancement, have well-documented.
So rather than asking, “where are the women,” we might ask:
Why does much of U.S. public discourse frame the revolution through Islamophobia logics and why has the corporate media focused mostly on images of Egyptian men?
Women Protesting in the Middle East | Human Rights Watch
Across the Middle East, women have taken to the streets. In Egypt and Tunisia, women carried banners and placards, demanding an end to dictatorships. In photographs of protests in Bahrain and Yemen, you see numerous female faces in the crowds, demanding a better life. Across the region, both men and women shielded their eyes from teargas, dodged rubber bullets, and hid behind walls.
Middle East women must seize the moment | IQ4News
Who can now ever forget the sight of the brave mothers in Egypt’s Tahrir Square, cooking through the long nights, building barricades and bringing their children along so they too could witness history? Young women unafraid to stand shoulder to shoulder with young men in public – perhaps for the first time in their lives – and articulating so calmly and courageously why they were there and what they wanted from their revolution?
Hillary Clinton on Middle East Women’s Revolution – The Daily Beast
When she heads to Egypt and Tunisia next week, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton vows to “stand firmly for the proposition that women [in the region] deserve a voice and a vote,” she told an audience Friday night at Newsweek and The Daily Beast’s Women in the World summit at New York’s Hudson Theater. “More than that, they deserve to be able to run for office, to serve as leaders and legislators, even president.” At “president” the secretary received a standing ovation. With her smile, Clinton acknowledged the subtext: The women in the room—for they were mostly women—were egging the secretary on to another presidential run.
The New Face of The Middle East – And Boy is She Gorgeous « Sarah’s Chronicles
Throughout history, men have led all revolutions in the Middle East. Be it against the Romans, Ottomans, Crusaders or the French – men have always been the leaders in the change or fight for freedom. I think that has changed. Today – 2011 – men still play an active part in any revolution, but they are not alone. Arab women have been taking on excessive and demanding roles in the revolutions of the Middle East – not only in action, but also in preparation and organization.
Clinton: Women must get role in Mideast transition
WASHINGTON — Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton has a message for the would-be democratic reformers of the Middle East: It’s time to let women make decisions, too.
Arab women: this time, the revolution won’t leave us behind – CSMonitor.com
Arab women have been crucial midwives in the revolutions that have shattered the status quo in the Middle East.
The fight for women’s rights in the Middle East | Life and style | guardian.co.uk
Jane Martinson reports from the Women in the World summit, where campaigners are drawing attention to the internet as a tool to aid women in the Middle East.
The New Agenda » Blog Archive » My observations from Women in the World – Women in the Middle East
Zainab made the point that women have been part of protests in the Middle East since the 1960s in Algiers – yet, not once have women made gains from revolutions. The oppression of women will sadly continue.
Sussan made the point that women need to show virtual support for women in other countries. Her organization has done so by starting petitions. Governments do listen to dissent from the outside.
Zainab and Sussan mentioned that men in their countries are concerned about equality for mothers, wives or sisters – but they are concerned for their daughters and this creates an opening for dialogue.
All stressed the necessity of unity of women across borders.
Women’s Voices in the Revolutions Sweeping the Middle East » Muslimah Media Watch
Google executive Wael Ghonim became one of the faces of the Egyptian revolution through the Facebook page “We are all Khalid Said,” which was a vital spark to the revolution. But another important spark was a video posted by 26-year-old Asmaa Mahfouz from the April 6 Youth Movement, where she declared that she was going out to Tahrir Square and urged people to join her in saving Egypt.
Morocco
Rachel Newcomb: One Moroccan Woman’s Fiery Protest
On Monday, February 21, Fadwa Laroui set herself on fire in the small Moroccan town of Souk Sebt. Amid the dramatic news coming from other parts of the Middle East and North Africa, this story has largely been lost in the shuffle. Yet to ignore what happened to Fadwa Laroui would be a mistake. Although Morocco is consistently cited as a stable beacon of modernity and progress in North Africa, Laroui’s story exemplifies some very serious issues that Morocco has been unable to resolve, namely corruption, the plight of single mothers, and the increasing disparities between the poor and the rich.
Morocco: Women Celebrate International Day · Global Voices
Moroccan women, like their counterparts across the world, have been celebrating the 100th anniversary of the International Women’s Day today. They have long been at the forefront of the civil society’s struggle for a better and more dignified life. And as the freedom “fever”, inspired by the “Arab Revolutions” continues to sweep across the Middle East and North Africa, Moroccan feminists are also taking to the streets, making sure gender equality and emancipation of women are part of the agenda for change.
Morocco: Fadoua Laroui, our own Mohamed Bouazizi · Global Voices
According to one blog, Laroui’s last words before committing suicide were “Stop injustice, corruption and tyranny!” Though many say she was not of any particular political bent, Laroui’s actions and words have nonetheless inspired a new wave of protest in Morocco. One blogger, Mouad, laments the society that engendered such actions:
Fadoua Laroui: The Moroccan Mohamed Bouazizi | The Nation
On December 17, when he set himself on fire in Sidi Bouzid, Mohamed Bouazizi could not have guessed that his act would prompt a series of copycat self-immolations or that it would launch the revolutions we are currently witnessing in the Arab world. It is two months later now, and yet the connection between deep personal despair and meaningful political change is being made evident once again, this time in Morocco.
Last week, Fadoua Laroui, a 25-year old woman, doused herself with gasoline in front of the town hall in Souq Sebt, and lit a match. According to newspaper reports, the local government destroyed the shack in which she lived with her children and later denied her access to replacement social housing because she was a single mother. She died in a Casablanca hospital two days later.
Egypt
Egypt: Protesting Women Celebrated Online · Global Voices
Women’s roles in the ongoing Egyptian anti-government uprising have captured the attention of bloggers and citizens spreading information on social networking sites. The massive number of protesters taking to the streets demanding government reforms has created a tipping point for women’s civic participation in a country where it is risky and dangerous to demonstrate against the authorities. Their efforts have had limited coverage in the mainstream media.
On International Women’s Day, Egyptian women demand revolutionary role – CSMonitor.com
Egyptian women are staging a ‘Million Woman March’ today after the new prime minister appointed only one woman to his cabinet, raising fears that women will be shut out of building a new Egypt.
Meet the daughters of Egypt’s revolution – Seattle News – MyNorthwest.com
The world watched older women, wearing traditional Muslim garb, leading chants. Younger women appeared on YouTube asking others to join the protests at Tahrir Square. “We don’t want the (Mubarak) regime,” a T-shirt and blue jean clad woman told the English speaking media, “The next president of Egypt will be chosen by the people.”
News Desk: Women and Men in Tahrir Square : The New Yorker
They had felt the environment change already. The protests calling for Mubarak’s ouster, which had unified men and women, were quickly retreating from people’s minds as their demands grew more specific and fragmented. Rana’s friend, Hoda, said that she had been harassed that day on her walk to the protest. “The men are back to their old habits,” she said.
Feminism and the Mid-East: What Mostly Happened in Tahrir Square Yesterday — BagNews
As opposed to the idea the photo somehow missed yesterday’s story, however, I think the picture tells the story perfectly. Given that the Mid-East democracy uprising has also been identified by some as a feminist revolution, what we’re seeing in action here (hence, the smile, too) is consciousness-raising — painful and slow as it may be — in full-throated real time.
Looking At What Is Happening In Egypt From A Gendered Lens » Feminist Peace Network
The pictures are so exclusively male that it prompted someone to compile what pictures could be found of women and post them to Facebook. I did find two pictures that I thought were notable in terms of what we see in the U.S. regarding what is happening in Egypt. First, there is this picture of President Obama talking to advisers about Egypt, note the lack of women in the room, particularly Secretary of State Clinton.
Egyptian Protests: Women are a substantial part.
An unprecedented number of Egyptian women participated in Tuesday’s anti-government protests. Ghada Shahbandar, an activist with the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, estimated the crowd downtown to be 20 percent female. Other estimates were as high as 50 percent. In past protests, the female presence would rarely rise to 10 percent. Protests have a reputation for being dangerous for Egyptian women, whose common struggle as objects of sexual harassment is exacerbated in the congested, male-dominated crowd. Police hasten to fence in the demonstrators, and fleeing leads to violence. And women, whose needs are not reflected in the policies of official opposition groups who normally organize protests, have little reason to take the risk.
The Marriage of Sexism and Islamophobia; Re-Making the News on Egypt
I find myself intermittently infuriated and nauseated by the news coverage of the sexual assault on a female CBS reporter in Tahrir Square during the celebrations the day that Husni Mubarak resigned. This coverage has ranged from the disappointing silence of Al-Jazeera to the blatant racism of Fox News. What actually happened that day to Lara Logan, chief foreign correspondent for 60 Minutes, is not yet known and I have no interest in speculating over the lurid details of a sexual and physical assault, particularly while the victim remains in recovery. In this post, I want to focus on how much of the coverage of this “affair” has revealed the ways in which female bodies are a site that marries Islamophobia to Sexism. This marriage, in turn, reproduces one of the most enduring colonial tropes; the native (and in this case, foreign) woman who needs to be rescued from uncivilized and misogynist men.[1] Cue the- oh so civilized and feminist military invasions and/or occupations of British controlled India, and US controlled Afghanistan and Iraq. In addition to being a discourse that is used to legitimate war, this use of female bodies (and increasingly, gay bodies) as a mark of civilizational status has also been cynically mobilized to continue colonial projects in apartheid South Africa and contemporary Israel.
Yemen
PressTV – ‘Yemeni women join protests’
Yemeni women take to the streets against the unpopular ruler as the country continues to witness massive anti-government protests.
A woman leading change in Yemen by Alice Hackman – Common Ground News Service
London – With two presidents unseated in Tunisia and Egypt and highly publicised protests across Libya, the recent demonstrations in Yemen are catching the world’s attention. The escalating violence is worrying and only time will tell if it will lead to a quick overthrow of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh or whether change will take much longer in Yemen. But one thing is different in Yemen: the international face of the Yemeni pro-change movement is a woman.
Libya
Libyan women in the vanguard | Radio Netherlands Worldwide
The Attorney General’s Office in Benghazi is the centre of the revolution against 42 years of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi’s rule in Libya. A sit-in here by lawyers and judges was the first serious boost to the uprising led by the country’s youth. Salwa Bugaigis, a lawyer in her mid-40s, led that first sit-in.
Bahrain
AFP: The women of Bahrain take to the streets in protest
MANAMA — Outside a blue tent in Manama’s Pearl Square, Fatima Abdullah hands her 18-month-old daughter to her husband and rejoins her friends in the “Women Only” section, where they brainstorm ahead of the next anti-regime rally.
Tunisia
In Tunisia, Women Play Equal Role In Revolution : NPR
Female voices rang out loud and clear during massive protests that brought down the authoritarian rule of Tunisian President Zine el Abidine Ben Ali.
BBC World Service – News – How will political change affect women in Tunisia?
The political upheaval has thrown into sharp relief some social tensions that might help to shape the country’s future political landscape.
The BBC’s Arab affairs analyst, Magdi Abdelhadi, reports on women’s role in Tunisian society.
Iran
Soona Samsami: Women Will Lead to Bring Freedom to Iran and Middle East
This year, March 8th marks the 100th anniversary of the International Women’s Day. In my homeland, Iran, women have continued to stand up to tyranny, rejecting discrimination and dictatorship with a resounding NO.
Iraq
Iraqi Women Feel Sidelined Despite Parliament Quota – NYTimes.com
Iraqi women hoped that last year’s election would cement a larger role for them in the government. But they have less political influence today than at any time since the American invasion.
On Screen
YouTube – Women & Youth of the Arab Revolutions (Suheir Hammad, Carlos Latuff, DUBSTEP reMIX)
Inspired by the actions of young, Egyptian women whose voices are weapons! Videos by Asma Mahfouz which she posted before January 25…was her video the seed?A compelling spoken word performance by Palestinian Poet Suheir Hammad mixed with original DUBSTEP/ BASS score by DJ Lucxke guides this remix. …in awe of the women of the revolution. Peace, VJ Um Amel. http://vjumamel.com
YouTube – Dalia Ziada: Online Activism a Gift for Women
While Dalia Ziada, Egyptian author and activist, may just be a and Muslim housewife to outsiders, the online realm is different. “I write on my blog, no one cares if I am a man or a women, if I look good or look bad,” she said. “They only care for my mind.”
YouTube – Wajeha H. Al-Huwaider: Saudi Arabia Lives in Darkness
Will the Middle East revolutions spread to Saudi Arabia? In a panel titled “Firebrands: Pioneers in the New Age of Dissent,” Wajeha H. Al-Huwaider, Saudi Arabian journalist and activist, said that a revolution is already happening in her country. The only problem is that no one is listening
YouTube – Citizenship for Saudi Women – English Subtitles
The formal recognition by the state of my full Citizenship in my community with the same civil, political, social, and legal duties & rights that are granted for male members; and to have an institutionalized means for the development, implementation and evaluation of plans and acts that would assure women’s full citizenship; It will include but not be limited to the following:
Leading Egyptian Feminist, Nawal El Saadawi: “Women and Girls are Beside Boys in the Streets”
Renowned feminist and human rights activist Nawal El Saadawi was a political prisoner and exiled from Egypt for years. Now she has returned to Cairo, and she joins us to discuss the role of women during the last seven days of unprecedented protests. “Women and girls are beside boys in the streets,” El Saadawi says. “We are calling for justice, freedom and equality, and real democracy and a new constitution, no discrimination between men and women, no discrimination between Muslims and Christians, to change the system… and to have a real democracy.” [includes rush transcript]
Asmaa Mahfouz & the YouTube Video that Helped Spark the Egyptian Uprising
Three weeks ago today, 26-year-old Egyptian activist Asmaa Mahfouz posted a video online urging people to protest the “corrupt government” of Hosni Mubarak by rallying in Tahrir Square on January 25. Her moving call ultimately helped inspire Egypt’s uprising. “I, a girl, am going down to Tahrir Square, and I will stand alone. And I’ll hold up a banner. Perhaps people will show some honor,” Mahfouz said. “Don’t think you can be safe anymore. None of us are. Come down with us and demand your rights, my rights, your family’s rights. I am going down on January 25th and will say no to corruption, no to this regime.” [includes rush transcript]
Women of the Revolution – ABC News
Lama Hasan examines the role of women in the uprisings in the Middle East.
YouTube – Riz Khan – Mother of the revolution
Nawal el-Saadawi has been fighting for change in Egypt for more than half a century. As Egypt prepares to herald in a new era, what role will women play in the emerging political landscape?
YouTube – Mona Eltahawy: Women and Egypt’s Revolution
Mona Eltahawy discusses the treatment of women in Egypt and the assault of CBS journalist Lara Logan.
Interview with Hanna – Women Activists at Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt
YouTube – Riz Khan – Arab feminism
What role have Arab women played in the popular uprisings around the Middle East and what stake do they really have in their countries’ political future?
Yemeni women in the protests
Misc.
Asecular revolution « The Immanent Frame
Why have I chosen the term “asecular,” and not, say, “non-secular” or “post-secular,” to describe the power manifested by these protests? The term “non-secular” is too easily confused with the notion of the religious. And unlike post-secularity, asecularity is not a temporal marker. It allows for the possibility that asecularity has, in different forms, always been with us, even from within the traditions from which state secularity arises. Explorations of post-secularity typically try to identify the emergence of new norms. Such attempts fail to recognize that the process of identifying and distinguishing secular from non-secular norms is part of what secularism is, and that this process is integral to its power. In contrast, the term asecularity specifies a situation not where norms are no longer secular, but where the questions against which such norms are adduced and contested as answers are no longer seen as necessary. It is a situation where we can be genuinely indifferent to those questions, the ways that particular stakes are attached to them, and their seeming indispensability to our ways of life. As a result, such moments open up spaces for us to think beyond our current predicaments. Here, it is worth noting that the condition of asecularity manifested by these protests was also associated with a genuine ethos of democratic sensibility.
Globalization, Compression, and the Desire for Intervention « ZERO ANTHROPOLOGY
We should ask ourselves why it is that actions that have been taken against the Gaddafi regime were never even voiced as a possibility against the Mubarak regime in Egypt, with its own history of decades of torture, murder, imprisonment of dissidents, and the use of thugs and paramilitaries to injure and in numerous cases kill unarmed protesters. In Egypt’s case, there were no sanctions, no assets freeze, no arms embargo, and no call for the international criminal prosecution of the dictator and his henchmen. What kind of calculation is at work, where effectively one despot is treated as “good dictator” and the other one as a “bad dictator”? What makes the difference? Is it the level and nature of the violence used against protesters? If so, and it is a matter of a body count, then what is the “magic number” of protesters killed that causes us to invoke the “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P) doctrine? (Just look at how people think of the violence as “genocide”–which by definition it is not–when speaking of Gaddafi’s violence.)
The Exodus Story and Western Conceptions of Progress, Movement, Revolution « ZERO ANTHROPOLOGY
The key text here is Michael Walzer’s Exodus and Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1985), from which all of the following quotes are derived. (Footnote: relevant to current debates, Michael Walzer is also a “humanitarian interventionist” and a “just war” theorist—in no simplistic sense either, as he criticizes air campaigns and no fly zones.) All the emphases in the quotes that follow were added.
EXODUS“I have found the Exodus almost everywhere,” Walzer writes (p. 4), and indeed it is everywhere in the Western language of progress and liberation.
Space and Politics: Resonance and the Egyptian Revolution
What has coalesced as a powerful, unstoppable force on the streets of Egypt is resonance: the assertive collective empathy created by multitudes fighting for the control of space. Resonance is an intensely bodily, spatial, political affair, materialized in the masses of bodies coming together in the streets of Egyptian cities in the past thirteen days, clashing with the police, temporarily dispersed by teargas and bullets, and regrouping again like an relentless swarm to reclaim the streets, push the police back, and saturate space with a collective effervescence. Resonance is what gives life to this human rhizome and the source of its power.
Cultural relativism: Another victim of Arab revolutions? | Nicolas’ Blog
As we are watching the fall of dictators and the wind of liberty sweeping in the Arab world, we may not have noticed another victim of this “springtime of Arab people”, namely the individualistic/collectivistic divide. In psychology, many scientists have adopted a kind of culturalism according to which the reason people behave differently across culture because of the “culture” in which they have grown up: People are raised in a particular culture and they come to adopt the particular attitudes and beliefs of their parents, teachers and elders. This explains why people behave differently in different places. For instance, psychologists have often emphasized that some cultures are more individualistic while others are more collectivist and other similar dichotomies have been put forward: sociocentric vs. egocentric, independent vs. interdependent, bounded vs. unbounded.
Making Sense of Jihad: Still a Vanguard
I’m pessimistic that social and political changes going on in some Arab Muslim countries will have much of an effect on global Salafist-jihadism. Understood in the West (if at all) as al-Qaeda and its affiliates, Salafist-jihadism is far more ideologically diverse than Bin Laden and Zawahiri, and far more theologically nuanced than most analysts and policy makers give it credit. Unfortunately, it will endure this glorious revolution, because it has always been outside the mainstream of Islamic religious practice, and there it will remain. I’m more pessimistic about the future of political Islam, Salafist-jihadism’s theological antagonist and ideological counterweight.
Dutch
Revolutie Midden-Oosten door tekort aan water – hetkanWel.nl
De revolutie in het Midden-Oosten is niet alleen ontstaan uit een roep om meer vrijheid. De stijgende voedselprijzen als gevolg van een groeiend tekort aan water spelen ook een belangrijke rol. Volgens een nieuw rapport “Blue Peace” kan het tekort aan water echter een belangrijke stimulans zijn voor meer vrede.
LIVE BLOG: Revolutie in het Midden-Oosten
[Revolutie in het Midden-Oosten] Na de revoluties in Tunesie en Egypte is het nu ook in veel andere Arabische landen onrustig. Daarbij wordt geweld door de verschillende regeringen niet geschuwd. Hoe loopt dit af? Hoeveel doden zullen er nog vallen? Welke dictators worden nog meer verjaagd? Via deze live blog houdt FunX je met interessante video’s, audio’s, tweets, foto’s en links op de hoogte van de laatste ontwikkelingen in het Midden-Oosten.
Verdeelde meningen over gevolgen Midden-Oosten revolutie voor toerisme «
De recente onlusten in Egypte en Tunesië hebben een (tijdelijk?) dramatische uitwerking op het toerisme. Na de aanscherping van het reisadvies van het Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken is de interesse in Egypte met 75% en in Tunesië met 85 tot 90% gezakt, zo laat Zoover weten. Het kan niet anders dan dat de revolutie in het Midden-Oosten meerdere partijen zwaar geld gaat kosten. Anderzijds bestaat er de mogelijkheid dat de revolutie een positieve keerzijde heeft. De branche reageert verdeelt, zo is te merken na de reacties die Reisburo Actueel binnen kreeg op de vraag wat de Midden-Oosten revolutie voor gevolgen heeft voor de reisbranche.
Revolutie in Noord-Afrika, onrust in het Midden-Oosten en de economie – Han de Jong
Alle aandacht is de laatste tijd opgeëist door de revoluties in Tunesië, Egypte en Libië en de onrust in andere landen in de regio. Vanuit een menselijk gezichtspunt is het verheugend dat corrupte, autocratische bewinden aan de kant worden geschoven. Hoe raakt het onze economie en onze financiële markten?
Weblog Anja Meulenbelt » De opmars van de Arabische vrouwen: revolutie is seksestrijd
Dit komt helemaal overeen met de bevindingen in mijn eigen onderzoek naar vrouwen in de islamitische wereld. De ‘reëel bestaande islam’ moet, schrijf ik in mijn boek ‘Baas in eigen boerka‘, weinig hebben van ongehoorzame vrouwen. ‘Tegelijk vindt er een gestage, historische ontwikkeling in de onderbouw van de samenleving plaats die onherroepelijk leidt tot de sociaal- economische emancipatie van de seksuele onderklasse – de vrouw. Binnende islam, ondanks de islam. Overal laten vrouwen de mannen een beetje sidderen. Vrouwen gaan naar school,melden zich op de arbeidsmarkt, zitten op Facebook en vertikken het nog langer meer dan twee of drie kinderen te nemen. Veel beter dan hun moeders weten ze wat er te koop is in de wereld, en wat te winnen. Ze hebben niets te verliezen dan hun boerka.’
Saoedi-Arabië, aan de vooravond van… « Rooieravotr
De Saoedische staat voert, gelegitimeerd door dat Wahabisme, een extreem rigide conservatisme door. De achterstelling van vrouwen is welhaast spreekwoordelijk verregaand. Vrouwen mogen in feite niet zonder mannelijke ‘voogd’ aan het openbare leven deelnemen. Vrouwen en mannen zijn zoveel mogelijk gescheiden. Vrouwen mogen niet auto rijden. Vrouwen mogen niet zonder s toestemming van een mannelijke ‘voogd’ naar het buitenland reizen. Vrouwen mogen niet naar binnen in een voetbalstadion. Dat zijn de officiële regels. Pas sinds vrij kort mogen ze wel zelf een hotelkamer boeken en gebruiken. Daar bovenop komt dan nog eens het conservatisme dat vaders ertoe brengt echtgenoten op te dringen aan hun dio ochters, uit te maken wat dochters wel en niet voor studie mogen volgen. Dit alles betreft de positie van vrouwen die economisch tot de ‘beter gesitueerden’ behoren. Het laat zich raden hoe de positie van vrouwen in armere bevolkingslagen is, vrouwen voor wie een auto sowieso buiten bereik is maar op nog veel grovere wijze seksisme te verduren hebben.
Posted on March 13th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Blogosphere, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Most popular on Closer last week
Previous updates: : Tunisia Uprising I – Tunisia Uprising II – Tunisia / Egypt Uprising Essential Reading I – The Egypt Revolution – A Need to Read List. See also the section Society and Politics in the Middle East (Dutch and English guest contributions).
Essential Reading
Egypt’s revolution and the new feminism « The Immanent Frame
The youth-driven Revolution of 2011, with its call for freedom and justice, is inscribing a new feminism, with a fresh lexicon and syntax. The new feminism—which does not go by the name “feminism,” but by its spirit—redefines the words freedom, liberation, justice, dignity, democracy, equality, and rights. It creates its own syntax, which, the dictionary reminds us, is the “arrangement of words to show their connection and relation.” It announces itself from deep within the Revolution, which aims to resurrect the fundamental principles and rights of citizens and human beings that were wantonly trampled down by the Mubarak government. The new feminism might be called, simply, “freedom, equality and justice for all.” It asserts itself in actions, straight-forwardness, and courage.
Make sure women can lead in the Middle East – Bikya Masr
WASHINGTON: In Libya, Egypt, Bahrain, Yemen, Tunisia and elsewhere, women have stood with men pushing for change. In Libya, Iman and Salwa Bagaighif are helping lead, shape and support protesters. And in Egypt, the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, one of the oldest and most well-known non-governmental organizations in Egypt, estimated that at least 20 per cent of the protesters were women.
Middle East Protest: Women Demonstrate In Egypt, Libya, Yemen (PHOTOS)
“The bodies of women, so often used as ideological battlegrounds, have withstood all kinds of police violence, from tear gas to live bullets,” organizers of Egypt’s Million Woman March are quoted by CNN as saying. “The real battleground did not differentiate between women and men.”
Take a look at women involved in the protests in Egypt, Libya, Bahrain and other nations here:
Women of the revolution – Features – Al Jazeera English
When 26-year-old Asmaa Mahfouz wrote on Facebook that she was going to Cairo’s Tahrir Square and urged all those who wanted to save the country to join her, the founding member of the April 6 Youth Movement was hoping to seize the moment as Tunisians showed that it was possible for a popular uprising to defeat a dictator.
The French Revolution is the example which should most warn women, in particular, not to put too much trust in the power of revolutions. Women participated in it in large numbers. But what they got out of it, ultimately, was Napoleon Bonaparte and the Napoleonic Code which established the husband’s supremacy over the wife.
This is not intended to discount the importance of what’s happening in Egypt or in Tunisia, just to point out that we shouldn’t automatically assume that revolutions against a tyrant are going to benefit everyone in the society equally.
Will Women Benefit from Middle East Revolution? | Middle East | English
When the dust of Egypt’s revolution began to settle and the country struggled toward a democratic government, many of the women who stood side-by-side with men in Cairo’s Tahrir Square were struck that not one woman was named to the committee to reform the constitution.
Women of the Revolution: Middle East Uprisings Shaped by Women of Egypt and Libya – ABC News
The wave of change sweeping across the Arab world has finally given women a voice. Everywhere I went in the region, I was impressed and surprised by the women I saw. Something changed; a barrier was broken, and they felt empowered and determined to bring down regimes that had denied them their freedom for too long.
Women in the Middle East Revolutions « Louise Acheson
I wonder then, based on the current revolutions occurring across the North African belt, if we will see a step forward or backwards in the education and position of women, or if this revolution will be used by the new leaders as an opportunity to regain a tighter hand of control by ‘dumbing down’ and disallowing the education of women to the levels currently encouraged.
What Do The Revolutions Mean For Women?
But as the dust settles on Tunisia and Egypt’s unusually peaceful revolutions, women inside and outside of those countries are asking what’s next for them.
The Middle East feminist revolution – By Naomi Wolf
Among the most prevalent Western stereotypes about Muslim countries are those concerning Muslim women: doe-eyed, veiled, and submissive, exotically silent, gauzy inhabitants of imagined harems, closeted behind rigid gender roles. So where were these women in Tunisia and Egypt?
Imperial Feminism, Islamophobia, and the Egyptian Revolution
Of course a democratic Egypt would benefit women. The government recently passed a law restricting the work of civil society organizations, many of them led by women. The current regime is responsible for widespread human rights violations, including intense forms of harassment and violence against women, which many organizations such as Nazra for Feminist Studies, the Egyptian Center for Women’s Rights, and the Egyptian Association for Community Participation Enhancement, have well-documented.
So rather than asking, “where are the women,” we might ask:
Why does much of U.S. public discourse frame the revolution through Islamophobia logics and why has the corporate media focused mostly on images of Egyptian men?
Women Protesting in the Middle East | Human Rights Watch
Across the Middle East, women have taken to the streets. In Egypt and Tunisia, women carried banners and placards, demanding an end to dictatorships. In photographs of protests in Bahrain and Yemen, you see numerous female faces in the crowds, demanding a better life. Across the region, both men and women shielded their eyes from teargas, dodged rubber bullets, and hid behind walls.
Middle East women must seize the moment | IQ4News
Who can now ever forget the sight of the brave mothers in Egypt’s Tahrir Square, cooking through the long nights, building barricades and bringing their children along so they too could witness history? Young women unafraid to stand shoulder to shoulder with young men in public – perhaps for the first time in their lives – and articulating so calmly and courageously why they were there and what they wanted from their revolution?
Hillary Clinton on Middle East Women’s Revolution – The Daily Beast
When she heads to Egypt and Tunisia next week, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton vows to “stand firmly for the proposition that women [in the region] deserve a voice and a vote,” she told an audience Friday night at Newsweek and The Daily Beast’s Women in the World summit at New York’s Hudson Theater. “More than that, they deserve to be able to run for office, to serve as leaders and legislators, even president.” At “president” the secretary received a standing ovation. With her smile, Clinton acknowledged the subtext: The women in the room—for they were mostly women—were egging the secretary on to another presidential run.
The New Face of The Middle East – And Boy is She Gorgeous « Sarah’s Chronicles
Throughout history, men have led all revolutions in the Middle East. Be it against the Romans, Ottomans, Crusaders or the French – men have always been the leaders in the change or fight for freedom. I think that has changed. Today – 2011 – men still play an active part in any revolution, but they are not alone. Arab women have been taking on excessive and demanding roles in the revolutions of the Middle East – not only in action, but also in preparation and organization.
Clinton: Women must get role in Mideast transition
WASHINGTON — Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton has a message for the would-be democratic reformers of the Middle East: It’s time to let women make decisions, too.
Arab women: this time, the revolution won’t leave us behind – CSMonitor.com
Arab women have been crucial midwives in the revolutions that have shattered the status quo in the Middle East.
The fight for women’s rights in the Middle East | Life and style | guardian.co.uk
Jane Martinson reports from the Women in the World summit, where campaigners are drawing attention to the internet as a tool to aid women in the Middle East.
The New Agenda » Blog Archive » My observations from Women in the World – Women in the Middle East
Zainab made the point that women have been part of protests in the Middle East since the 1960s in Algiers – yet, not once have women made gains from revolutions. The oppression of women will sadly continue.
Sussan made the point that women need to show virtual support for women in other countries. Her organization has done so by starting petitions. Governments do listen to dissent from the outside.
Zainab and Sussan mentioned that men in their countries are concerned about equality for mothers, wives or sisters – but they are concerned for their daughters and this creates an opening for dialogue.
All stressed the necessity of unity of women across borders.
Women’s Voices in the Revolutions Sweeping the Middle East » Muslimah Media Watch
Google executive Wael Ghonim became one of the faces of the Egyptian revolution through the Facebook page “We are all Khalid Said,” which was a vital spark to the revolution. But another important spark was a video posted by 26-year-old Asmaa Mahfouz from the April 6 Youth Movement, where she declared that she was going out to Tahrir Square and urged people to join her in saving Egypt.
Morocco
Rachel Newcomb: One Moroccan Woman’s Fiery Protest
On Monday, February 21, Fadwa Laroui set herself on fire in the small Moroccan town of Souk Sebt. Amid the dramatic news coming from other parts of the Middle East and North Africa, this story has largely been lost in the shuffle. Yet to ignore what happened to Fadwa Laroui would be a mistake. Although Morocco is consistently cited as a stable beacon of modernity and progress in North Africa, Laroui’s story exemplifies some very serious issues that Morocco has been unable to resolve, namely corruption, the plight of single mothers, and the increasing disparities between the poor and the rich.
Morocco: Women Celebrate International Day · Global Voices
Moroccan women, like their counterparts across the world, have been celebrating the 100th anniversary of the International Women’s Day today. They have long been at the forefront of the civil society’s struggle for a better and more dignified life. And as the freedom “fever”, inspired by the “Arab Revolutions” continues to sweep across the Middle East and North Africa, Moroccan feminists are also taking to the streets, making sure gender equality and emancipation of women are part of the agenda for change.
Morocco: Fadoua Laroui, our own Mohamed Bouazizi · Global Voices
According to one blog, Laroui’s last words before committing suicide were “Stop injustice, corruption and tyranny!” Though many say she was not of any particular political bent, Laroui’s actions and words have nonetheless inspired a new wave of protest in Morocco. One blogger, Mouad, laments the society that engendered such actions:
Fadoua Laroui: The Moroccan Mohamed Bouazizi | The Nation
On December 17, when he set himself on fire in Sidi Bouzid, Mohamed Bouazizi could not have guessed that his act would prompt a series of copycat self-immolations or that it would launch the revolutions we are currently witnessing in the Arab world. It is two months later now, and yet the connection between deep personal despair and meaningful political change is being made evident once again, this time in Morocco.
Last week, Fadoua Laroui, a 25-year old woman, doused herself with gasoline in front of the town hall in Souq Sebt, and lit a match. According to newspaper reports, the local government destroyed the shack in which she lived with her children and later denied her access to replacement social housing because she was a single mother. She died in a Casablanca hospital two days later.
Egypt
Egypt: Protesting Women Celebrated Online · Global Voices
Women’s roles in the ongoing Egyptian anti-government uprising have captured the attention of bloggers and citizens spreading information on social networking sites. The massive number of protesters taking to the streets demanding government reforms has created a tipping point for women’s civic participation in a country where it is risky and dangerous to demonstrate against the authorities. Their efforts have had limited coverage in the mainstream media.
On International Women’s Day, Egyptian women demand revolutionary role – CSMonitor.com
Egyptian women are staging a ‘Million Woman March’ today after the new prime minister appointed only one woman to his cabinet, raising fears that women will be shut out of building a new Egypt.
Meet the daughters of Egypt’s revolution – Seattle News – MyNorthwest.com
The world watched older women, wearing traditional Muslim garb, leading chants. Younger women appeared on YouTube asking others to join the protests at Tahrir Square. “We don’t want the (Mubarak) regime,” a T-shirt and blue jean clad woman told the English speaking media, “The next president of Egypt will be chosen by the people.”
News Desk: Women and Men in Tahrir Square : The New Yorker
They had felt the environment change already. The protests calling for Mubarak’s ouster, which had unified men and women, were quickly retreating from people’s minds as their demands grew more specific and fragmented. Rana’s friend, Hoda, said that she had been harassed that day on her walk to the protest. “The men are back to their old habits,” she said.
Feminism and the Mid-East: What Mostly Happened in Tahrir Square Yesterday — BagNews
As opposed to the idea the photo somehow missed yesterday’s story, however, I think the picture tells the story perfectly. Given that the Mid-East democracy uprising has also been identified by some as a feminist revolution, what we’re seeing in action here (hence, the smile, too) is consciousness-raising — painful and slow as it may be — in full-throated real time.
Looking At What Is Happening In Egypt From A Gendered Lens » Feminist Peace Network
The pictures are so exclusively male that it prompted someone to compile what pictures could be found of women and post them to Facebook. I did find two pictures that I thought were notable in terms of what we see in the U.S. regarding what is happening in Egypt. First, there is this picture of President Obama talking to advisers about Egypt, note the lack of women in the room, particularly Secretary of State Clinton.
Egyptian Protests: Women are a substantial part.
An unprecedented number of Egyptian women participated in Tuesday’s anti-government protests. Ghada Shahbandar, an activist with the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, estimated the crowd downtown to be 20 percent female. Other estimates were as high as 50 percent. In past protests, the female presence would rarely rise to 10 percent. Protests have a reputation for being dangerous for Egyptian women, whose common struggle as objects of sexual harassment is exacerbated in the congested, male-dominated crowd. Police hasten to fence in the demonstrators, and fleeing leads to violence. And women, whose needs are not reflected in the policies of official opposition groups who normally organize protests, have little reason to take the risk.
The Marriage of Sexism and Islamophobia; Re-Making the News on Egypt
I find myself intermittently infuriated and nauseated by the news coverage of the sexual assault on a female CBS reporter in Tahrir Square during the celebrations the day that Husni Mubarak resigned. This coverage has ranged from the disappointing silence of Al-Jazeera to the blatant racism of Fox News. What actually happened that day to Lara Logan, chief foreign correspondent for 60 Minutes, is not yet known and I have no interest in speculating over the lurid details of a sexual and physical assault, particularly while the victim remains in recovery. In this post, I want to focus on how much of the coverage of this “affair” has revealed the ways in which female bodies are a site that marries Islamophobia to Sexism. This marriage, in turn, reproduces one of the most enduring colonial tropes; the native (and in this case, foreign) woman who needs to be rescued from uncivilized and misogynist men.[1] Cue the- oh so civilized and feminist military invasions and/or occupations of British controlled India, and US controlled Afghanistan and Iraq. In addition to being a discourse that is used to legitimate war, this use of female bodies (and increasingly, gay bodies) as a mark of civilizational status has also been cynically mobilized to continue colonial projects in apartheid South Africa and contemporary Israel.
Yemen
PressTV – ‘Yemeni women join protests’
Yemeni women take to the streets against the unpopular ruler as the country continues to witness massive anti-government protests.
A woman leading change in Yemen by Alice Hackman – Common Ground News Service
London – With two presidents unseated in Tunisia and Egypt and highly publicised protests across Libya, the recent demonstrations in Yemen are catching the world’s attention. The escalating violence is worrying and only time will tell if it will lead to a quick overthrow of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh or whether change will take much longer in Yemen. But one thing is different in Yemen: the international face of the Yemeni pro-change movement is a woman.
Libya
Libyan women in the vanguard | Radio Netherlands Worldwide
The Attorney General’s Office in Benghazi is the centre of the revolution against 42 years of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi’s rule in Libya. A sit-in here by lawyers and judges was the first serious boost to the uprising led by the country’s youth. Salwa Bugaigis, a lawyer in her mid-40s, led that first sit-in.
Bahrain
AFP: The women of Bahrain take to the streets in protest
MANAMA — Outside a blue tent in Manama’s Pearl Square, Fatima Abdullah hands her 18-month-old daughter to her husband and rejoins her friends in the “Women Only” section, where they brainstorm ahead of the next anti-regime rally.
Tunisia
In Tunisia, Women Play Equal Role In Revolution : NPR
Female voices rang out loud and clear during massive protests that brought down the authoritarian rule of Tunisian President Zine el Abidine Ben Ali.
BBC World Service – News – How will political change affect women in Tunisia?
The political upheaval has thrown into sharp relief some social tensions that might help to shape the country’s future political landscape.
The BBC’s Arab affairs analyst, Magdi Abdelhadi, reports on women’s role in Tunisian society.
Iran
Soona Samsami: Women Will Lead to Bring Freedom to Iran and Middle East
This year, March 8th marks the 100th anniversary of the International Women’s Day. In my homeland, Iran, women have continued to stand up to tyranny, rejecting discrimination and dictatorship with a resounding NO.
Iraq
Iraqi Women Feel Sidelined Despite Parliament Quota – NYTimes.com
Iraqi women hoped that last year’s election would cement a larger role for them in the government. But they have less political influence today than at any time since the American invasion.
On Screen
YouTube – Women & Youth of the Arab Revolutions (Suheir Hammad, Carlos Latuff, DUBSTEP reMIX)
Inspired by the actions of young, Egyptian women whose voices are weapons! Videos by Asma Mahfouz which she posted before January 25…was her video the seed?A compelling spoken word performance by Palestinian Poet Suheir Hammad mixed with original DUBSTEP/ BASS score by DJ Lucxke guides this remix. …in awe of the women of the revolution. Peace, VJ Um Amel. http://vjumamel.com
YouTube – Dalia Ziada: Online Activism a Gift for Women
While Dalia Ziada, Egyptian author and activist, may just be a and Muslim housewife to outsiders, the online realm is different. “I write on my blog, no one cares if I am a man or a women, if I look good or look bad,” she said. “They only care for my mind.”
YouTube – Wajeha H. Al-Huwaider: Saudi Arabia Lives in Darkness
Will the Middle East revolutions spread to Saudi Arabia? In a panel titled “Firebrands: Pioneers in the New Age of Dissent,” Wajeha H. Al-Huwaider, Saudi Arabian journalist and activist, said that a revolution is already happening in her country. The only problem is that no one is listening
YouTube – Citizenship for Saudi Women – English Subtitles
The formal recognition by the state of my full Citizenship in my community with the same civil, political, social, and legal duties & rights that are granted for male members; and to have an institutionalized means for the development, implementation and evaluation of plans and acts that would assure women’s full citizenship; It will include but not be limited to the following:
Leading Egyptian Feminist, Nawal El Saadawi: “Women and Girls are Beside Boys in the Streets”
Renowned feminist and human rights activist Nawal El Saadawi was a political prisoner and exiled from Egypt for years. Now she has returned to Cairo, and she joins us to discuss the role of women during the last seven days of unprecedented protests. “Women and girls are beside boys in the streets,” El Saadawi says. “We are calling for justice, freedom and equality, and real democracy and a new constitution, no discrimination between men and women, no discrimination between Muslims and Christians, to change the system… and to have a real democracy.” [includes rush transcript]
Asmaa Mahfouz & the YouTube Video that Helped Spark the Egyptian Uprising
Three weeks ago today, 26-year-old Egyptian activist Asmaa Mahfouz posted a video online urging people to protest the “corrupt government” of Hosni Mubarak by rallying in Tahrir Square on January 25. Her moving call ultimately helped inspire Egypt’s uprising. “I, a girl, am going down to Tahrir Square, and I will stand alone. And I’ll hold up a banner. Perhaps people will show some honor,” Mahfouz said. “Don’t think you can be safe anymore. None of us are. Come down with us and demand your rights, my rights, your family’s rights. I am going down on January 25th and will say no to corruption, no to this regime.” [includes rush transcript]
Women of the Revolution – ABC News
Lama Hasan examines the role of women in the uprisings in the Middle East.
YouTube – Riz Khan – Mother of the revolution
Nawal el-Saadawi has been fighting for change in Egypt for more than half a century. As Egypt prepares to herald in a new era, what role will women play in the emerging political landscape?
YouTube – Mona Eltahawy: Women and Egypt’s Revolution
Mona Eltahawy discusses the treatment of women in Egypt and the assault of CBS journalist Lara Logan.
Interview with Hanna – Women Activists at Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt
YouTube – Riz Khan – Arab feminism
What role have Arab women played in the popular uprisings around the Middle East and what stake do they really have in their countries’ political future?
Yemeni women in the protests
Misc.
Asecular revolution « The Immanent Frame
Why have I chosen the term “asecular,” and not, say, “non-secular” or “post-secular,” to describe the power manifested by these protests? The term “non-secular” is too easily confused with the notion of the religious. And unlike post-secularity, asecularity is not a temporal marker. It allows for the possibility that asecularity has, in different forms, always been with us, even from within the traditions from which state secularity arises. Explorations of post-secularity typically try to identify the emergence of new norms. Such attempts fail to recognize that the process of identifying and distinguishing secular from non-secular norms is part of what secularism is, and that this process is integral to its power. In contrast, the term asecularity specifies a situation not where norms are no longer secular, but where the questions against which such norms are adduced and contested as answers are no longer seen as necessary. It is a situation where we can be genuinely indifferent to those questions, the ways that particular stakes are attached to them, and their seeming indispensability to our ways of life. As a result, such moments open up spaces for us to think beyond our current predicaments. Here, it is worth noting that the condition of asecularity manifested by these protests was also associated with a genuine ethos of democratic sensibility.
Globalization, Compression, and the Desire for Intervention « ZERO ANTHROPOLOGY
We should ask ourselves why it is that actions that have been taken against the Gaddafi regime were never even voiced as a possibility against the Mubarak regime in Egypt, with its own history of decades of torture, murder, imprisonment of dissidents, and the use of thugs and paramilitaries to injure and in numerous cases kill unarmed protesters. In Egypt’s case, there were no sanctions, no assets freeze, no arms embargo, and no call for the international criminal prosecution of the dictator and his henchmen. What kind of calculation is at work, where effectively one despot is treated as “good dictator” and the other one as a “bad dictator”? What makes the difference? Is it the level and nature of the violence used against protesters? If so, and it is a matter of a body count, then what is the “magic number” of protesters killed that causes us to invoke the “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P) doctrine? (Just look at how people think of the violence as “genocide”–which by definition it is not–when speaking of Gaddafi’s violence.)
The Exodus Story and Western Conceptions of Progress, Movement, Revolution « ZERO ANTHROPOLOGY
The key text here is Michael Walzer’s Exodus and Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1985), from which all of the following quotes are derived. (Footnote: relevant to current debates, Michael Walzer is also a “humanitarian interventionist” and a “just war” theorist—in no simplistic sense either, as he criticizes air campaigns and no fly zones.) All the emphases in the quotes that follow were added.
EXODUS“I have found the Exodus almost everywhere,” Walzer writes (p. 4), and indeed it is everywhere in the Western language of progress and liberation.
Space and Politics: Resonance and the Egyptian Revolution
What has coalesced as a powerful, unstoppable force on the streets of Egypt is resonance: the assertive collective empathy created by multitudes fighting for the control of space. Resonance is an intensely bodily, spatial, political affair, materialized in the masses of bodies coming together in the streets of Egyptian cities in the past thirteen days, clashing with the police, temporarily dispersed by teargas and bullets, and regrouping again like an relentless swarm to reclaim the streets, push the police back, and saturate space with a collective effervescence. Resonance is what gives life to this human rhizome and the source of its power.
Cultural relativism: Another victim of Arab revolutions? | Nicolas’ Blog
As we are watching the fall of dictators and the wind of liberty sweeping in the Arab world, we may not have noticed another victim of this “springtime of Arab people”, namely the individualistic/collectivistic divide. In psychology, many scientists have adopted a kind of culturalism according to which the reason people behave differently across culture because of the “culture” in which they have grown up: People are raised in a particular culture and they come to adopt the particular attitudes and beliefs of their parents, teachers and elders. This explains why people behave differently in different places. For instance, psychologists have often emphasized that some cultures are more individualistic while others are more collectivist and other similar dichotomies have been put forward: sociocentric vs. egocentric, independent vs. interdependent, bounded vs. unbounded.
Making Sense of Jihad: Still a Vanguard
I’m pessimistic that social and political changes going on in some Arab Muslim countries will have much of an effect on global Salafist-jihadism. Understood in the West (if at all) as al-Qaeda and its affiliates, Salafist-jihadism is far more ideologically diverse than Bin Laden and Zawahiri, and far more theologically nuanced than most analysts and policy makers give it credit. Unfortunately, it will endure this glorious revolution, because it has always been outside the mainstream of Islamic religious practice, and there it will remain. I’m more pessimistic about the future of political Islam, Salafist-jihadism’s theological antagonist and ideological counterweight.
Dutch
Revolutie Midden-Oosten door tekort aan water – hetkanWel.nl
De revolutie in het Midden-Oosten is niet alleen ontstaan uit een roep om meer vrijheid. De stijgende voedselprijzen als gevolg van een groeiend tekort aan water spelen ook een belangrijke rol. Volgens een nieuw rapport “Blue Peace” kan het tekort aan water echter een belangrijke stimulans zijn voor meer vrede.
LIVE BLOG: Revolutie in het Midden-Oosten
[Revolutie in het Midden-Oosten] Na de revoluties in Tunesie en Egypte is het nu ook in veel andere Arabische landen onrustig. Daarbij wordt geweld door de verschillende regeringen niet geschuwd. Hoe loopt dit af? Hoeveel doden zullen er nog vallen? Welke dictators worden nog meer verjaagd? Via deze live blog houdt FunX je met interessante video’s, audio’s, tweets, foto’s en links op de hoogte van de laatste ontwikkelingen in het Midden-Oosten.
Verdeelde meningen over gevolgen Midden-Oosten revolutie voor toerisme «
De recente onlusten in Egypte en Tunesië hebben een (tijdelijk?) dramatische uitwerking op het toerisme. Na de aanscherping van het reisadvies van het Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken is de interesse in Egypte met 75% en in Tunesië met 85 tot 90% gezakt, zo laat Zoover weten. Het kan niet anders dan dat de revolutie in het Midden-Oosten meerdere partijen zwaar geld gaat kosten. Anderzijds bestaat er de mogelijkheid dat de revolutie een positieve keerzijde heeft. De branche reageert verdeelt, zo is te merken na de reacties die Reisburo Actueel binnen kreeg op de vraag wat de Midden-Oosten revolutie voor gevolgen heeft voor de reisbranche.
Revolutie in Noord-Afrika, onrust in het Midden-Oosten en de economie – Han de Jong
Alle aandacht is de laatste tijd opgeëist door de revoluties in Tunesië, Egypte en Libië en de onrust in andere landen in de regio. Vanuit een menselijk gezichtspunt is het verheugend dat corrupte, autocratische bewinden aan de kant worden geschoven. Hoe raakt het onze economie en onze financiële markten?
Weblog Anja Meulenbelt » De opmars van de Arabische vrouwen: revolutie is seksestrijd
Dit komt helemaal overeen met de bevindingen in mijn eigen onderzoek naar vrouwen in de islamitische wereld. De ‘reëel bestaande islam’ moet, schrijf ik in mijn boek ‘Baas in eigen boerka‘, weinig hebben van ongehoorzame vrouwen. ‘Tegelijk vindt er een gestage, historische ontwikkeling in de onderbouw van de samenleving plaats die onherroepelijk leidt tot de sociaal- economische emancipatie van de seksuele onderklasse – de vrouw. Binnende islam, ondanks de islam. Overal laten vrouwen de mannen een beetje sidderen. Vrouwen gaan naar school,melden zich op de arbeidsmarkt, zitten op Facebook en vertikken het nog langer meer dan twee of drie kinderen te nemen. Veel beter dan hun moeders weten ze wat er te koop is in de wereld, en wat te winnen. Ze hebben niets te verliezen dan hun boerka.’
Saoedi-Arabië, aan de vooravond van… « Rooieravotr
De Saoedische staat voert, gelegitimeerd door dat Wahabisme, een extreem rigide conservatisme door. De achterstelling van vrouwen is welhaast spreekwoordelijk verregaand. Vrouwen mogen in feite niet zonder mannelijke ‘voogd’ aan het openbare leven deelnemen. Vrouwen en mannen zijn zoveel mogelijk gescheiden. Vrouwen mogen niet auto rijden. Vrouwen mogen niet zonder s toestemming van een mannelijke ‘voogd’ naar het buitenland reizen. Vrouwen mogen niet naar binnen in een voetbalstadion. Dat zijn de officiële regels. Pas sinds vrij kort mogen ze wel zelf een hotelkamer boeken en gebruiken. Daar bovenop komt dan nog eens het conservatisme dat vaders ertoe brengt echtgenoten op te dringen aan hun dio ochters, uit te maken wat dochters wel en niet voor studie mogen volgen. Dit alles betreft de positie van vrouwen die economisch tot de ‘beter gesitueerden’ behoren. Het laat zich raden hoe de positie van vrouwen in armere bevolkingslagen is, vrouwen voor wie een auto sowieso buiten bereik is maar op nog veel grovere wijze seksisme te verduren hebben.
Posted on March 12th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Multiculti Issues, Public Islam.
Inside a sharia divorce court – video | Law | guardian.co.uk shows us Sheikh Haithem Al-Haddad’s and Dr Suhaib Hasan’s of Britain’s Sharia Council (a Muslim Arbitration Tribunal) access to their deliberations on Islamic divorces.
The Guardian inside a Sharia Court
It is not as unique as one may think. Channel 4 had a documentary a few years ago on Sharia council to see what this Muslim legal institution offers couples in conflict. At the time there was a debate going on about the question whether religious laws should be recognized by the secular British legal system.
Divorce Sharia Style
One of the best documentaries is, in my view, Divorce Iranian style:
WOMEN MAKE MOVIES | Divorce Iranian Style
this fly-on-the-wall look at several weeks in an Iranian divorce court provides a unique window into the intimate circumstances of Iranian women’s lives. Following Jamileh, whose husband beats her; Ziba, a 16-year-old trying to divorce her 38-year-old husband; and Maryam, who is desperately fighting to gain custody of her daughters, this deadpan chronicle showcases the strength, ingenuity, and guile with which they confront biased laws, a Kafaka-esque administrative system, and their husbands’ and families’ rage to gain divorces.
With the barest of commentary, acclaimed director Kim Longinotto turns her cameras on the court and lets it tell its own story. Dispelling images of Iran as a country of war, hostages, and “fatwas”, and Iranian women as passive victims of a terrible system, this film is a subtle, fascinating look at women’s lives in a country which is little known to most Americans. Directed by Kim Longinotto and Ziba Mir-Hosseini, author of Marriage on Trial: A Study of Islamic Family Law
Divorce Iranian Style
Of course, the situation in Iran is different from Europe and the UK in particular. Watching these docs therefore gives you a glimpse in cross-cultural similarities and differences pertaining to the practices of sharia law.
Posted on March 12th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Multiculti Issues, Public Islam.
Inside a sharia divorce court – video | Law | guardian.co.uk shows us Sheikh Haithem Al-Haddad’s and Dr Suhaib Hasan’s of Britain’s Sharia Council (a Muslim Arbitration Tribunal) access to their deliberations on Islamic divorces.
The Guardian inside a Sharia Court
It is not as unique as one may think. Channel 4 had a documentary a few years ago on Sharia council to see what this Muslim legal institution offers couples in conflict. At the time there was a debate going on about the question whether religious laws should be recognized by the secular British legal system.
Divorce Sharia Style
One of the best documentaries is, in my view, Divorce Iranian style:
WOMEN MAKE MOVIES | Divorce Iranian Style
this fly-on-the-wall look at several weeks in an Iranian divorce court provides a unique window into the intimate circumstances of Iranian women’s lives. Following Jamileh, whose husband beats her; Ziba, a 16-year-old trying to divorce her 38-year-old husband; and Maryam, who is desperately fighting to gain custody of her daughters, this deadpan chronicle showcases the strength, ingenuity, and guile with which they confront biased laws, a Kafaka-esque administrative system, and their husbands’ and families’ rage to gain divorces.
With the barest of commentary, acclaimed director Kim Longinotto turns her cameras on the court and lets it tell its own story. Dispelling images of Iran as a country of war, hostages, and “fatwas”, and Iranian women as passive victims of a terrible system, this film is a subtle, fascinating look at women’s lives in a country which is little known to most Americans. Directed by Kim Longinotto and Ziba Mir-Hosseini, author of Marriage on Trial: A Study of Islamic Family Law
Divorce Iranian Style
Of course, the situation in Iran is different from Europe and the UK in particular. Watching these docs therefore gives you a glimpse in cross-cultural similarities and differences pertaining to the practices of sharia law.
Posted on March 9th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Multiculti Issues.
In deel één (windmolens) van deze serie hebben we kunnen zien dat, ook al was er in het verleden een principe van integratie met behoud van eigen identiteit, Nederland eigenlijk nooit een multicultureel beleid heeft gehad. De zoveelste begrafenis van de multiculturele samenleving begint iets ritueels krijgen en is vergelijkbaar met de discussie over massa-immigratie; ook dat verschijnsel kent Nederland op dit moment niet maar we praten er wel over.
Nederlandse normen en waarden, de Nederlandse wet en omgangsvormen waren eigenlijk altijd het kader waarbinnen migranten moesten integreren. Er is in het beleid nooit sprake geweest van cultureel relativisme. De uitspraken van Cameron, Merkel, Rutte, Verhagen en anderen dat de multiculturele samenleving (in de zin van beleid en ideaal) mislukt is, is dan eigenlijk ook een ritueel vechten tegen windmolens temeer ook omdat het ontkennen dat Nederland een multiculturele samenleving in beschrijvende zin is, natuurlijk ook weinig zin heeft. Deze drie vormen van multiculturalisme (beschrijving, beleid en ideaal) vormen echter niet het hele verhaal. Er is nog een vierde geperverteerde vorm van multiculturalisme.
In 1989 verandert de nadruk op sociaal-economische achterstanden en behoud van eigen identiteit wanneer het rapport Allochtonenbeleid verschijnt. In dit rapport wordt de eigen identiteit van allochtonen juist geproblematiseerd. In de jaren negentig zijn etniciteit en cultuurbeleving geen zaak van de overheid, maar private aangelegenheden. Zowel linkse als rechtse politieke partijen gaan daarin mee. Gaandeweg is er een verschuiving ontstaan waarin over een breed politiek spectrum vragen worden gesteld over de grenzen van culturele verscheidenheid en de voorwaarden van sociale cohesie en inburgering. Cultuur wordt in toenemende mate als probleem gezien en de nadruk komt steeds meer op culturele aanpassing en cultureel burgerschap te liggen. Dit is niet nieuw. Gedurende de afgelopen twee eeuwen hebben nieuw ontstane naties via nationalistische programma’s gepoogd hun totale grondgebied cultureel en taalkundig maar ook economisch, sociaal en juridisch te homogeniseren. Vrijwel overal was de inzet het bevorderen van processen van aanpassing aan de dominante meerderheidcultuur. De wenselijkheid van een stabiele harmonieuze nationale samenleving ligt hieraan ten grondslag. Vanaf Scheffer’s multiculturele drama, via 9/11, Fortuyn en de moord op Theo van Gogh, verschuift het accent steeds meer in één specifieke richting: de islam.
Op deze manier vindt er een soort cirkelredenering plaats. We ervaren problemen met bepaalde migranten. Vervolgens vindt er een proces van culturalisering in beleid en debat plaats. Daarbij classificeren we migranten en hun nakomelingen op basis van cultuur (en niet op basis van sociaal-economische kenmerken) en dat doen we aan de hand van kenmerken die typisch zouden zijn (islam) voor hen en die vreemd zouden zijn aan een ideaalbeeld van de Nederlandse cultuur (met seculiere en seksuele vrijheden waarover consensus zou bestaan). Daarvoor gebruiken we labels die we deels zelf toewijzen (etnische minderheden, allochtonen, moslims). Vervolgens ‘ontdekken’ we doordat er daadwerkelijk problemen zijn dat die mensen echt anders zijn voor wat betreft cultuur en trekken we de conclusie dat de multiculturele samenleving is mislukt. Maar dat we ooit multicultureel beleid hebben gehad is dus hoogst twijfelachtig. Kijkend naar Canada zouden we wellicht zelfs kunnen zeggen: helaas.
Maar ook weer niet onjuist. Sterker nog, het beleid is zo multicultureel als het maar zijn kan sinds enkele jaren, maar dan niet op de manier zoals gesteld is in deel 1. Dat het samenleven van mensen met verschillende culturele achtergronden niet vanzelf gaat moge inmiddels duidelijk zijn. Dat het grote conflicten oplevert eveneens. Voor het perspectief op de multiculturele samenleving sluit ik aan bij de oratie van De Ruijter De multiculturele arena. Hij vat de samenleving op als een arena. Een arena verwijst daarbij naar de strijdende partijen, de ruimte waarbinnen de handeling plaatsvindt, de aard of structuur van de arena, de positie van spelers en toeschouwers, de rolverdelingen en de hulpbronnen, soorten kapitaal en vaardigheden. De uitkomst van de strijd is een ‘negotiated order’ die de machtsongelijkheid tussen de partijen weerspiegelt. De eigenschappen van deze orde, die niet vastligt maar veranderbaar is, wordt bepaald door de uitkomst van eerdere ontmoetingen, het specifieke veld waarin de strijd plaatsvindt (bijvoorbeeld onderwijs) en de algemene relevante context (zoals discussies over normen en waarden en integratie).
De huidige ‘negotiated order’ is een vrucht van de Nederlandse geschiedenis. Sinds enige jaren zijn er nieuwe spelers gekomen die deelnemen aan de strijd in deze arena: migranten. Migranten zijn binnen deze arena niet machteloos. Met een beroep op de eigen cultuur en identiteit, kunnen zij zich verweren tegen de druk tot conformiteit en zich een eigen plek verschaffen binnen de maatschappij. Dat hebben migranten en hun nakomelingen als moslims ook wel degelijk gedaan, maar dan op een manier die perfect past binnen de al bestaande Nederlandse arrangementen. De houding van de Nederlandse overheid kan vooral worden gezien als een wisselende mix van multiculturele retoriek die moet tonen dat men gevoelig is voor de relevantie van verschillen en (steeds vaker dus) voor het belang van gedeelde waarden, nationalisme en burgerschap; een mix met een zeer sterk cultuursausje. Zowel in de multiculturele modellen, als in de uitspraken over het failliet van de multiculturele samenleving als in de beleving van autochtonen en allochtonen worden de concepten cultuur en identiteit gereïficeerd en ge-essentialiseerd. Met reïficatie wordt bedoeld dat cultuur en identiteit gezien worden als ‘dingen’ die een eigen leven leiden. Essentialisme dat hier nauw mee samenhangt, leidt ertoe dat cultuur en identiteit gezien worden als iets wat met mensen vergroeid is, bijna als een biologische eigenschap.
In de arena staan diverse partijen tegen over elkaar die gezamenlijk moeten komen tot een ‘negotiated order’. In een onderhandelingssituatie is het van belang dat partijen en hun vertegenwoordigers onderhandelingsruimte hebben; ruimte dus om een eigen standpunt aan te passen om zo een compromis te sluiten zonder dat dat tot gezichtsverlies leidt van de vertegenwoordigers bij hun achterban. In de huidige ‘negotiated order’ van de arena ligt de nadruk op de eis tot integratie aan de kant van allochtonen. In het spreken over cultuur en religie (in het bijzonder islam) voert essentialisme de boventoon alsof Marokkanen en moslims gedetermineerd worden door hun cultuur of zoals De Ruijter deze opvatting kenschetst: “zij bezitten niet zozeer die cultuur; zij worden door die cultuur bezeten”. Het perverse zit ‘m hierin dat die definitie van cultuur van bovenaf wordt opgelegd en negatief van aard is; het is een lijst van problematische gedragingen en opvattingen die wordt bestempeld als cultuur van de Ander.
Wanneer politici echter op een dergelijke manier een complexe realiteit reduceren tot een simpele diagnose, is dat niet zonder risico. Het schept immers een eigen realiteit. Aanpassing of, in termen van het arenamodel, het opgeven van het eigen standpunt is dan nog de enige ‘oplossing’ in de ogen van de dominante meerderheid. Het is precies die negatieve bejegening door de dominante meerderheid die zo kenmerkend is in de huidige discussie over het failliet van het multiculturalisme. Deze negatieve bejegening richt zich vooral op Marokkaanse jongeren en moslims. Het gevaar zou kunnen bestaan dat deze, elkaar overlappende, groepen kenmerken krijgen van ‘onvrijwillige’ minderheden aangezien deze druk tot aanpassing ervaren kan worden als een aantasting van de eigen waardigheid. De gevoelens bij allochtonen van discriminatie en racisme door de autochtone meerderheid, het wantrouwen van ouders ten opzichte van scholen zoals dat in Gouda of in Amsterdam of het Utrechtse Zuilen te zien is, zijn daar signalen van. In die zin is het overlast gevend gedrag van Marokkaans-Nederlandse jongeren ook te zien als een vorm van protest en een expressie van de afkeer die men heeft van een omgeving die zij als vijandig ervaren. Het behoeft geen betoog dat dergelijke verschijnselen op hun beurt weer kunnen leiden tot een versterking van het gevoel van onbehagen bij sommige autochtonen over de multiculturele samenleving en politici voor de zoveelste keer kunnen verleiden tot de slogan dat de multiculturele samenleving is mislukt.
En in reactie op die mislukking komen we met allerlei maatregelen die specifiek gericht zijn op allochtonen en/of moslims en focussen we in de debatten voortdurend alleen op cultuur en religie. We willen een etnische registratie van criminele allochtonen, in het regeerakkoord wordt gepleit voor afschaffing van positieve discriminatie en in plaats daarvan slechts iemands kwaliteiten in ogenschouw nemen tenzij de vrouw een burqa draagt. Er is speciale wetgeving dat huwelijken van migranten aan banden legt. Er is een anti-radicaliseringsbeleid dat zich in de praktijk en in het debat alleen richt op moslims. Zo kunnen we nog wel even doorgaan; het oude categorale doelgroepenbeleid dat zo verafschuwd werd (en dat eigenlijk alleen op lokaal niveau enige invulling kreeg) is nog steeds aanwezig. In de debatten is dit ook volop te zien en dat is geen wonder. Een essentialistische opvatting over cultuur kan politiek-strategisch worden en de zoveelste doorbraak van het taboe op de multiculturele samenleving lijkt daar inmiddels ook aardig op.
In het proces van culturalisering worden deze mannen, vrouwen, jongeren, ouderen, arbeiders, ambtenaren, seculieren, vromen, berbers, Marokkanen, Turken, Somaliërs, migranten gereduceerd tot hun etnische groep of hun religieuze label. Dàt is pas een vorm van multiculturalisme en een behoorlijk perverse vorm omdat het mensen opsluit in en reduceert tot hun sociale categorie die we zelf verzonnen hebben en die we zelf een negatieve definitie hebben gegeven. Dit multiculturalisme dat we zowel bij linkse als rechtse partijen zien is ook om een nog andere reden pervers. Het dient nu niet om mensen (uiteindelijk) in te sluiten, maar om ze te dwingen zich koest te houden en te voldoen aan ‘Nederlandse’ opvattingen over wat goed leven en goed burgerschap is.
Maar goed, ook deze vorm van multiculturalisme is waarschijnlijk niet waar de politici op doelen wanneer zij het hebben over het falen van het multiculturalisme. Waar gaat het dan wel over?
Daarover meer volgende week in deel 3.
Deze entry is deel van een serie: De mislukking van het anti-multiculturalisme
Deel I – Windmolens
Deel II – Perverse culturalisering
Deel III – Post-secularisme
Deel IV – Secularistische intolerantie (verschijnt volgende week)
Posted on March 8th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Misc. News.
Research Seminar Women’s Conversion to Islam and the Politics of Belonging
Research Group Globalizing Culture and the Quest for Belonging Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research
Date: March 18th 2011
Venue: the Amsterdam Museum, Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal 357
Time: 13:00-17:00
Women’s conversion to Islam is a hot topic. Within a political context that perceives both Islam and women as important boundary markers between ‘us’ and ‘them’ the female convert is presented as the ultimate other. Often women’s involvement in religious movements is poorly understood. In this seminar the participants explore new developments in the field of the study of conversion and focus on how women themselves are active agents in constructing a coherent self, a gendered Muslim identity and in creating sense of belonging while mainting a relationship with non-Muslims.
Abstracts
Revisiting Conversion Theories by Iman Lechkar
This presentation focuses on new developments in the field of conversion. While early studies on conversion were mostly pre-occupied with models that attempted to capture the nature of conversion (often consigning converts into categories), the anthropology of conversion has approached the conversion process from a different angle. The performative turn (cf. Coleman 2003) is a very important shift in understanding converts. Whereas the non-convert is the subject, that is he/she is normal and is referred to as the agent, the convert is seen as the divided subject or the person in crisis, often reduced to “the manipulated subject” in a variety of analyses. This presentation first sketches this state of affairs, and then critically discusses these normative views of the self, by retrieving the selfhood of the convert and revisiting the “self-fashioning” paradigm. Although converts often speak of “coming home”, I will also show how they are constantly involved in the process of creating this home – to varying degrees of success.
Iman Lechkar is an anthropology PhD student of KULeuven working on conversion to and within Islam in a Belgian and globalized context.
Redefining Feminine Identities through Islam. The Experience of Romanian Women by Daniela Stoica
Although Islam is a minority religion in Romania, grounded in the historical presence of Muslims in the South-Eastern part of the territory, Islam is no longer limited to specific ethnic populations. After the fall of the communist regime, the women who became Muslims as an answer to a spiritual quest, have been contributing to the articulation of a new Muslim identity in the Romanian context. The in-depth biographic interviews conducted in Cluj-Napoca (Transylvania, Romania) with women Muslim converts provide a significant series of micro-narratives. These are revealing the particular discursive mechanisms employed in articulating a new gendered Muslim identity, with reference to religious background (Christianity), social and family relations, as well as to personal transformations in matter of daily life routine.
Daniela Stoica is a Sociology PhD student of Babes-Bolyai University (Cluj-Napoca, Romania), working on a research concerning the feminine experience of conversion to Islam in the Romanian context. She is currently a visiting student of Babylon, Center for Studies of the Multicultural Society (Tilburg University), continuing her project from a comparative perspective, regarding the conversion experience of Romanian and Dutch women.
Sisters in Islam: Women’s Conversion and the Concept of Sisterhood by Vanessa Vroon-Najem
Conversion to Islam is a controversial choice for women in the Netherlands. Learning about Islam, building their new identity as Muslimas, obtaining a notion of belonging among Muslims, and maintaining relationships with their non-Muslim families, is a challenge for many of them. To help in this process, there are several support groups who organize women only lectures and workshops, and create women only websites to offer education and online support. These women only activities are, mostly, framed within the concept of sisterhood. Especially converted women seem to take the lead in setting up these kind of support groups. Together with born Muslimas who want to learn more about Islam and are interested in Dutch language activities, they form multi-ethnic Islamic sistergroups. The role and meaning of the concept of sisterhood, in the context of Dutch women’s conversion to Islam, will be the focal point in this presentation.
Vanessa Vroon-Najem is an anthropologist, conducting her PhD. research project at the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam. Her PhD. project, Sisters in Islam. Women’s Conversion and the Politics of Belonging, addresses perceived tensions in the Netherlands between national, ethnic and religious identity, in the context of women’s conversion to Islam.
Program:
Chair: prof. Annelies Moors Program Director Muslim Cultural Politics, AISSR University of Amsterdam
13:00-13:15 Opening
13:15-13:30 Halim El Madkouri, FORUM, Institute for Multicultural Affairs Commissioning Social Science Research
13:30-14:00 Iman Lechkar – Revisiting Conversion Theories
14:00-14:30 Discussion
14:30-15:00-Daniela Stoica – Redefining Feminine Identities through Islam. The Experience of Romanian Women
15:00-15:30 Discussions
15:30-16:00 Break
16:00-16:30-Vanessa Vroon-Najem – Sisters in Islam: Women’s Conversion and the Concept of Sisterhood
16:30-17:00-Discussion
17:00 Drinks at the museum restaurant
It is necessary to register for this seminar. If you would like to attend, please send an e-mail to: v.e.vroon@uva.n
Posted on March 5th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Guest authors, Headline, Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Guest Author: Asef Bayat
Serious concerns are expressed currently in Tunisia and Egypt about the sabotage of the defeated elites. Many in the revolutionary and pro-democracy circles speak of a creeping counter-revolution. This is not surprising. If revolutions are about intense struggle for a profound change, then any revolution should expect a counterrevolution of subtle or blatant forms. The French, Russian, Chinese, Iranian, and Nicaraguan revolutions all faced protracted civil or international wars. The question is not if the threat of counter-revolution is to be expected; the question rather is if the ‘revolutions’ are revolutionary enough to offset the perils of restoration. It seems that the Arab revolutions remain particularly vulnerable precisely because of their distinct peculiarity—their structural anomaly expressed in the paradoxical trajectory of political change.
Historically, three types of bottom-up regime/political change stand out. The first is the ‘reformist change’. Here, social and political movements mobilize in a usually sustained campaign to exert concerted pressure on the incumbent regimes to undertake reforms through the institutions of the existing states. Resting on their social power—the mobilization of the grassroots— the opposition movements compel the political elites to reform themselves, their laws and institutions often through some of kind of social pacts. So, change happens within the framework of the existing political arrangements. The transition to democracy in countries like Mexico and Brazil in the 1980s was of this nature. The leadership of Iran’s Green movement currently pursues similar reformist trajectory. In this trajectory, the depth and extend of reforms vary. Change may remain superficial; but it can also be profound if it materialized cumulatively by legal, institutional and politico-cultural reforms.
The second mode of political change is the ‘insurrectionary model’, where a revolutionary movement builds up in a fairly extended span of time during which a recognized leadership and organization emerge along with some blueprint of future political structure. At the same time that the incumbent regime continues to resist through police or military apparatus, a gradual erosion and defection begin to crack the governing body. The revolutionary camp pushes forward, attracts defectors, forms a shadow government, and builds some organs of alternative power. In the meantime, the regime’s governmentality gets paralyzed, leading to a state of ‘dual power’ between the incumbent and the opposition. The state of ‘dual power’ ends by an insurrectionary battle in which the revolutionary camp takes over the state power via force; it dislodges the old organs of authority and establishes new ones. Here we have a comprehensive overhaul of the state, with new functionaries, ideology, and mode of governance. The Iranian revolution of 1979, the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua, or the Cuban revolution of 1952 exemplifies such insurrectionary course.
The third possibility pertains to ‘regime implosion’, when the revolutionary movement builds up through general strikes and broad practices of civil disobedience, or through a revolutionary warfare progressively encircling the regime, so that in the end the regime implodes. It collapses in disruption, defection, and total disorder. In its place come the alternative elites and institutions. Ceausescu’s regime in Romania imploded in a dramatic political chaos and violence in 1989, but gave rise eventually to very different political and economic systems under the newly established political structure, the National Salvation Front. Qaddafi’s Libya may experience such an implosion if the revolutionary insurgency continues to strangle Tripoli. In both ‘insurrection’ and ‘implosion’, and unlike the reformist mode, attempts to reform the political structure take place not through the existing institutions of the state, but overwhelmingly outside of them.
Now, Egypt’s revolution, just like that of Tunisia, does not resemble any of these experiences. In Egypt and Tunisia, the rise of powerful political uprisings augmented the fastest revolutions of our time. Tunisians in the course of one month and Egyptians in just 18 days succeeded in dislodging long-serving authoritarian rulers, dismantling a number of institutions associated with them, including the ruling parties, the legislative bodies, and a number of ministries, in the meantime establishing a promise of constitutional and political reform. And all these have been achieved in manners that were remarkably civil, peaceful, and fast. But these astonishing rapid triumphs did not leave much opportunity for the opposition to build parallel organs of authority capable of taking control of the new state. Instead, the opposition wants the institutions of the incumbent regimes, for instance the Military in Egypt, to carry out substantial reforms on behalf of the revolution—that is, to modify the constitution, ensure free elections, guarantee free political parties, and in the long run institutionalize democratic governance. Here again lies a key anomaly of these revolutions– they enjoy enormous social power, but lack administrative authority; they garner remarkable hegemony, but do not actually rule. Thus, the incumbent regimes continue to stand; there are no new states or governing bodies, nor novel means and modes of governance that altogether embody the will of the revolution.
It is true that, like their Arab counterparts, the Eastern European revolutions of the late 1990s were also non-violent, civil, and remarkably rapid (East Germany’s revolution took only ten days); but they managed, unlike in Tunisia and Egypt, to completely transform the political and economic systems. This was possible because the imploded East German communist state could simply dissipate and dissolve into the already existing West German governing body. And broadly, since the difference between what East European people had (one party, communist state) and what they wanted (liberal democracy and market economy) was so distinctly radical that the trajectory of change had to be revolutionary. Half-way, superficial, and reformist change would have been easily detected and resisted—something different from the Arab revolutions in which the demands of ‘change, freedom, social justice’ are broad enough to be claimed even by the counter-revolution. Consequently, the Arab revolutions resemble perhaps more Georgia’s Rose Revolution of 2003 and Ukraine’s Orange Revolution of November 2004-January 2005 where in both cases a massive and sustained popular protest brought down incumbent fraudulent rulers. In these instances, the trajectory of change looks more reformist than revolutionary, strictly speaking.
But there is a more promising side to the Arab political upheavals. One cannot deny the operation of a powerful revolutionary mode in these political episodes, which make them more profound than those in Georgia or Ukraine. In Tunisia and Egypt, the departure of despotic rulers and their apparatus of coercion have opened up an unprecedented free space for citizens, notably the subaltern subjects, to reclaim their societies. As is the case in most revolutionary turning points, an enormous energy has been released in the society’s body politics. Banned political parties have come to surface and new ones are getting established. Societal organizations have become more vocal and extraordinary grassroots initiatives are under way. In Egypt, working people, free from fear of persecution, aggressively follow their violated claims. Laborers are pushing for new independent unions; some of them have already formed the ‘Coalition of the 25 January Revolution Workers’ to assert the revolutionary principles of “change, freedom, and social justice”. Small farmers (with less than ten feddans) in rural areas are organizing themselves in independent syndicates; others continue fighting for betters wages and conditions. The first Organization of the Residents of Cairo’s Ashwa’iyyat (slums), established recently, has called for the removal of corrupt governors, and for the abolition of regime-sponsored ‘local councils’. Youth groups organize to clean up slum areas, engage in civil works and reclaim their civil pride. Students pour into the streets to demand Ministry of Education to revise the curricula. The stories of Coptic and Muslim cooperation to fight sectarian rumors and provocations are already known and need not be repeated here. And of course the Tahrir Revolutionary Front continues to exert pressure on the military to speed up reforms. These all represent popular engagement of exceptional times. But the extraordinary sense of liberation, urge for self-realization, the dream of a new and just order—in short the desire for ‘all that is new’ are what define the very spirit of these revolutions. In these turning points, these societies have moved far ahead of their political elites, exposing albeit the major anomaly of these revolutions—the discrepancy between a revolutionary desire for the ‘new’, and a reformist trajectory that may lead to harboring the ‘old’.
How do we then make sense of the Arab revolutions? These may be characterized neither as ‘revolutions’ per se nor simply ‘reform’ measures. Instead we may speak of ‘refo-lutions’– revolutions that want to push for reforms in, and through the institutions of the incumbent states. As such, refo-lutions express paradoxical processes—something to be cherished and yet vulnerable. Refo-lutions do possess the advantage of ensuring orderly transitions, avoiding violence, destruction, and chaos—the evils that dramatically raise the cost of change. In addition, revolutionary excess, the ‘reign of terror’, exclusion, revenge, summary trials and guillotines can be avoided. And there are the possibilities of genuine transformation through social pacts, but only if the society—the grassroots, civil society associations, labor unions, and social movements—continue to remain vigilant, mobilized and exert pressure. Otherwise refo-lutions carry with them the perils of counter-revolutionary restoration precisely because the revolution has not made it into the key institutions of the state power. One can readily imagine powerful stakeholders, wounded by the ferocity of popular upheavals, would desperately seek regrouping, initiate sabotage, and instigate counter-propaganda. Ex-high state officials, old party apparatchiks, key editor-in-chiefs, big businesses, members of aggrieved intelligent services and not to mention military men could penetrate the apparatus of power and propaganda to turn things into their advantage. The danger can especially be more pronounced when the revolutionary fervor subsides, normal life resumes, hard realities of reconstruction seep in, and the populace gets disenchanted. There is little recourse for realizing a meaningful change without turning refo-lutions into revolutions.
Asef Bayat is Professor of Sociology and Middle East Studies at theUniversity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He is the co-author of BeingYoung and Muslim (Oxford University Press, 2010) and author of Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East (StanfordUniversity press, 2010).
This post is also published at Jadaliyya.com where Asef Bayat also wrote Egypt and the Post-Islamist Middle East
Posted on March 4th, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Multiculti Issues.
Kunt u bepalen in welke tijdsperiode de volgende uitspraken thuishoren?
In navolging van Merkel en Cameron hebben nu ook Verhagen en Rutte gesteld dat de multiculturele samenleving mislukt is. Maar wat bedoelt men daar nu eigenlijk mee? In diverse nota’s van overheden, welzijnsorganisaties e.d. wordt melding gemaakt van de opvatting dat de Nederlandse geschiedenis zich kenmerkt door tolerantie en een soepele omgang met verschillen. Daarbij wordt dan geregeld verwezen naar de verzuiling. In dit verband is de term multiculturele samenleving van belang. Het denken over multiculturalisme wordt natuurlijk zeer sterk beïnvloed door denkbeelden die men heeft en idealen die men koestert inzake de inrichting en vormgeving van de samenleving. Afhankelijk hiervan spreekt men van het multiculturele ideaal, de multiculturele uitdaging (Akel), het multiculturele drama (Scheffer), of de multiculturele illusie (Schnabel). We behoeven in dit verband slechts te denken aan recente debatten in de media. Het is hierbij overigens lang niet altijd duidelijk wat onder multiculturalisme te verstaan. Minimaal vinden we in de literatuur een drietal soorten definities terug, te weten
In de praktijk lopen deze vaak naadloos in elkaar over. In nota’s wordt vaak geconstateerd dat de Nederlandse samenleving een multiculturele samenleving is geworden, dat dat vraagt om een speciaal programma om deze etnische diversiteit te managen aangezien de multiculturele samenleving gemaakt moet worden en dat kan worden overgelaten aan de vrije krachten van de maatschappij omdat dan de zwakkere groepen het onderspit zullen delven. Daarbij wordt de multiculturele samenleving dus ook als ideaal gepresenteerd ervan uitgaande dat de multiculturele samenleving waardevol is omdat het de opties waaruit mensen kunnen kiezen om hun leven vorm te geven vergroot en zo hun vrijheid dus doet toenemen, dat het waardevol is omdat het de waarden van meerdere culturen samenbrengt en mensen zich door de confrontatie met andere culturen verrijkt worden en zichzelf beter begrijpen.
Het ontkennen van Nederland als multiculturele samenleving in beschrijvende zin is niet wat er aan de hand is natuurlijk en er zijn ook geen pleidooien voor etnische zuiveringen. De kritiek van Cameron cs. gaat over multiculturalisme als beleidsproject en als waardevolle utopie. En dat kan in brede kring op instemming rekenen: zie bijvoorbeeld Amsterdampost.nl, Joop.nl, Artikel7 en DeJaap.nl. Multiculturalisme staat in die bijdragen voor softe aanpak van harde problemen, de deuren wagenwijd openzetten voor islamisering en collaboratie van links met (radicale) islam. Maar is dat wel de praktijk van multicultureel beleid? En hebben we eigenlijk wel zoiets?
De wijze waarop de migranten tegemoet worden getreden door de overheid kenmerkt zich door het bestrijden van de non-conformiteit van migranten. Die non-conformiteit kan worden uitgedrukt in termen van sociaal-economische achterstanden of sociaal-cultureel anderszijn. Lange tijd was achterstandsbeleid (gericht op sociale en economische achterstanden) prioriteit. Eigen identiteit en cultuur werden weliswaar als problematisch gezien maar niet volledig afgewezen; integratie met behoud van eigen identiteit was lange tijd het adagium. Maar ook niet veel meer dan dat, er was nauwelijks concreet nationaal beleid gericht op het behoud van eigen identiteit. Je zou de toenemende institutionalisering van islam in de jaren negentig als product van zo’n slogan kunnen zien, maar de vraag is of de groei van het aantal moskeeën en islamitische scholen in die tijd wel als multicultureel kan worden aangemerkt. Het gaat immers niet om groepsspecifieke arrangementen, maar op regelingen die al bestaan voor christenen en joden en vanaf de jaren ’80 ook gaan gelden voor hindoes en moslims; het principe van gelijkheid is daarbij leidend. Daarbij is het nooit een principe van welke regering dan ook geweest dat Nederland een immigratieland zou zijn en tevens is altijd benadrukt dat de Nederlandse (grond-)wet leidend en bepalend is. Er is dus geen sprake geweest van cultureel-relativisme. De uitspraken hierboven laten dat zien:
1. Uitspraak min. Verdonk in haar plannen gepresenteerd tijdens en na Prinsjesdag 2003
2. 2003, Dijkstal en Van Boxtel in de cie. Integratie
3. 1978, De problematiek, Minderhedenbeleid
4. Tweede Kamer, vergaderjaar 1973-1974, 10 504,Memorie van Antwoord op het Voorlopig Verslag op de Nota Buitenlandse Werknemers
5. Nota Minderhedenbeleid 1983
Die uitspraken en de tijdsperiodes waarin ze zijn gedaan laten ook zien dat met het taboedoorbrekende karakter van de uitspraken van Merkel, Cameron, Verhagen en Rutte nogal meevalt; de multiculturele samenleving is gewoon ritueel ten grave gedragen. Ritueel omdat het voor de zoveelste keer plaats vindt en weer eens in verkiezingstijd. Dat alleen al moet ons te denken geven; er is meer aan de hand dan het failliet verklaren van de multiculturele aanpak. Temeer ook omdat de bovenstaande uitspraken die ontleend zijn aan belangrijke politici en nota’s de integratie van minderheden altijd plaatsen binnen het kader van de Grondwet en de ‘Nederlandse’ normen en waarden. Er is geen sprake van groepsspecifieke rechten en regelingen; in ieder geval niet op nationaal niveau. Dat geldt voor Nederland en voor vrijwel alle andere Europese landen met uitzondering van die landen die al lange tijd nationale minderheden hebben, maar ook daar richt het verhaal zich natuurlijk niet tegen. Mensen als Rutte en Cameron zijn aan het vechten tegen windmolens. Maar dat doen ze niet voor niks natuurlijk. Daar zal ik in deel 2 op ingaan en daarbij laten zien dat er eigenlijk een vierde, vrij perverse, vorm van multiculturalisme bestaat. Komt u volgende week nog maar even terug.
Deze entry is deel van een serie: De mislukking van het anti-multiculturalisme
Deel I – Windmolens
Deel II – Perverse culturalisering
Deel III – Post-secularisme
Deel IV – Secularistische intolerantie (verschijnt volgende week)
Posted on March 3rd, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Public Islam, Religion Other.
God in a Cold Climate. Religion in the Secular Public Sphere: Challenges and Responses – Lecture by José Casanova
Date: Thursday, March 10, 2011, 20.00 – 22.00 hrs
Venue: Aula Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
The great religions of the world are no longer content with merely promoting the piety of their believers. Within Catholicism, Protestantism, and Islam there are movements which claim a prominent role in society. They are very critical of the dominant cultural, political and sexual mores of Western societies. Within these societies, some of which are secular through-and-through, their activities cause a raw climate of conflicts and tensions. But the success of these religious movements proves that modernity and religion are far from mutually exclusive phenomena and that modern secularized society must find a way of integrating them in its fabric.
Speakers
Prof José Casanova is a prominent en highly respected scholar in the sociology of religion. He is professor of Sociology at Georgetown University and director of the Berkley Center’s Program on Globalization, Religion and the Secular. He has published on a broad range of subjects, including religion and globalization, migration and religious pluralism, and modernity and secularization. His Public Religions in the Modern World (1994) has become a classic on the latter subject.
Prof Evert van der Zweerde is professor of Political Philosophy at Radboud University Nijmegen and academic advisor to the Soeterbeeck Programme. He will chair the meeting.
Admission fee € 9,50 | Faculty and alumni RU € 7,- | Students free admission
More information and subscriptions at www.ru.nl/sp/english/casanova
Contact: info@soeterbeeck.ru.nl | 0031.24.361.55.55 | www.ru.nl/sp /english
God in a Cold Climate. Religion in a Secular Society – Seminar with José Casanova
Thursday, March 10, 2011, 15.00 – 17.00 hrs, Radboud University Nijmegen
Preceding his evening lecture José Casanova will deliver a seminar on the position of faith and religion in secular Western societies. During this small-scale seminar there will be ample opportunity to exchange ideas with Prof Casanova on this subject.
Admission fee: € 15,- | Faculty and alumni RU € 7,50 | Students free admission www.ru.nl/sp/english/seminarcasanova
In Dutch:
Lezing José Casanova over religies in de seculiere samenleving
Door felle kritiek te uiten op de heersende culturele, politieke en seksuele moraal proberen stromingen binnen het katholicisme, het protestantisme en de islam ook in seculiere westerse samenlevingen invloed te krijgen. Daardoor ontstaat een guur klimaat waarin wrijvingen en conflicten niet kunnen uitblijven. José Casanova, een van de meest vooraanstaande godsdienstsociologen ter wereld, spreekt hier over tijdens een lezing van het Soeterbeeck Programma van de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. De lezing vindt plaats op donderdag 10 maart 2011 van 20.00 – 22.00 uur in de Aula van de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Comeniuslaan 2.
De grote religies in de wereld nemen geen genoegen meer met de vroomheid van individuele gelovigen. Een centrale rol in de samenleving, dat is wat stromingen binnen het katholicisme, het protestantisme en de islam claimen. Het succes van die religieuze stromingen bewijst dat moderniteit en religie elkaar niet uitsluiten.
Posted on March 2nd, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Society & Politics in the Middle East, Some personal considerations.
Today the Netherlands has regional elections. People choose the regional candidates who later will choose the representatives in the Dutch senate. Because of the current coalition that rests on the support of the anti-Islam Freedom Party of Wilders, the government not only lacks a majority in the house of representatives (Tweede Kamer) where it needs the Freedom Party, it also does not have a majority in the Senate where the Freedom Party has no seats yet. The current campaign is therefore dominated not by regional issues but by national themes. This, hopefully could lead to a high turn out rate but I doubt it since the 1995 elections not even half of the population voted in 1999, 2003 and 2007.
The low turn out is remarkable given the struggles in other parts of the world for freedom, civil rights and democracy. In particular Tunisia, Egypt and Libya are exemplary cases of course.
Via Petra Stienen I found the next video on Youtube made by Dikla Zeidler who is a camjo (camera journalist) and (I think) a journalism student together Bahram Sadeghi.
It is interesting to see how the call for democracy has spread all over the Middle East and is now influencing events elsewhere. Usually the narrative is that the West is bringing freedom to the non-West as Maximilian Forte argues in particular in the case of women. While Forte points to the hypocrisy of such ideas against the background of the reported rape and assault on CBS journalist Lara Logan, the Western plea for and attempts to export democracy indeed seem shallow and opportunistic. Not only with regard the outspoken fears of Islamist victories in elections, but also with the low commitment to voting in Western countries. And although the turn out rates are low it appears that politicians such as Wilders who is playing the nativist and anti-Islam card is able to mobilise voters while others aren’t. The political elite wouldn’t be so afraid for the Freedom Party if it weren’t for his succes among the men and women on the streets. The same political elite that is troubled by the prospect that the ‘Arab street’ will vote for an islamist movement that is antagonistic towards the West and Israel. Tahrir took the message of hope from Tunisia and spread it further into the Middle East and even to Wisconsin in the United States. The West being influenced by movements in the Middle East makes clear that, as Lisa Wade wrote at Sociological Images, ‘a hierarchical “West and the rest” binary‘ does not adequately describe and explain reality (although the title of her post, Egypt supports Wisconsin, is a little too much I think). Let’s hope the Dutch take up the commitment to freedom and democracy of the Tunisian and Egyptian protesters and go to vote today.
Posted on March 1st, 2011 by martijn.
Categories: Society & Politics in the Middle East.
Guest Author: Gert Borg
Wanneer je een stuk schrijft over de huidige ontwikkelingen in het Midden-Oosten – of bijvoorbeeld in Egypte – is het langzamerhand belangrijk geworden om begin- en eindtijd van het schrijfproces in de kantlijn te noteren, want zo snel gaan de ontwikkelingen. Het is nu 14 februari 14.06 u.
Vorige week vrijdag is na vasthoudende en gedisciplineerde demonstraties in Cairo – en na tegendemonstraties met een provocatieve achtergrond en bloedige gevolgen – het voorlopige resultaat bereikt: president Mubarak is afgetreden. Het afgelopen weekend is er gefeest en teruggekeken, maar inmiddels is het Midan Tahrir betrekkelijk verzetsloos ontruimd door het leger en is een aantal maatregelen aangekondigd dat binnen een half jaar moet leiden tot een betere situatie in Egypte, want zo lang heeft het leger besloten aan de macht te blijven:
Natuurlijk wil ik niet de pret bederven, maar ik vertrouw het niet helemaal. Toen ik in 2006 terugging naar Nederland na mijn laatste baan in Cairo was er een CD/cassette op de markt met een titel die me altijd bijgebleven is: itkhada’nâ, we’ve been fooled. Om een of andere reden heb ik hier altijd de situatie in herkend van de Egyptische bevolking.
Na een lange onderbreking is het 23 februari geworden. De bal rolt gewoon verder, maar ik pak de draad maar weer op bij Egypte. Gedurende de crisis van de afgelopen weken heeft het leger zich van zijn beste kant laten zien: baby’s in de armen, wonden deppen, zich laten zoenen door jan en alleman, een sfeerbeeld dat te zien is op dit filmpje (eigenlijk een tearjerker)
Inmiddels is een nieuw kabinet benoemd en (hopla) ik ken ineens twee echte ministers: Zahi Hawass (de archeoloog met hoed) was al een tijdje Minister van Oudheden en Guda Abd al-Khaleq (een heel aardige econoom van Cairo University), minister van Sociale Zaken. Toch blijft de leiding op dit moment in handen van het leger en ik heb daar om twee redenen bedenkingen:
Het belang van de Moslimbroederschap als factor voor de toekomst van Egypte wordt door steeds meer deskundigen gereduceerd. Dat lijkt me juist. Daarnaast komen er “oude” partijen naar voren, die door velen waren afgedaan als bejaardensoos: al-Tagammu’, en al-Wafd, bijvoorbeeld, en al-Wasat. Het zal mij benieuwen of deze partijen in staat zijn enige aantrekkingskracht uit te oefenen op de jongere generatie, die de opstand van de laatste weken gedragen heeft. Zonder deze generatie beginnen ze niet veel en het is dan ook niet ondenkbaar dat bewegingen als “6 April” en Kifaya zichzelf zullen om-organiseren tot politieke partijen. In dat kader wil ik een interessante documentaire noemen die is gemaakt en uitgezonden door al-Jazeera in de rubriek People & Power: Egypt: Seed of Change
Uit die documentaire valt op te maken, dat de bewering als zouden deze bewegingen geen leiders hebben niet helemaal opgaat: Ahmad Maher die optreedt als voorman van “6 April” lijkt me zeker iemand die in een komend kabinet zitting zou moeten krijgen.
De verhalen die ik uit Egypte hoor, stemmen nog steeds niet tot grote vreugde: er zijn op vele plaatsen nog road blocks en er worden nog steeds mensen (in ieder geval ook buitenlanders) opgepakt voor ondervraging. Aan de andere kant: leer mij de Egyptenaren kennen, want ik vermoed, dat iedereen zo snel mogelijk weer aan de alledaagse beslommeringen wil, maar dan liefst zonder inmenging van de politie en zonder omkoping. We wachten af en ik houd contact met kennissen en vrienden die de situatie van dichtbij volgen.
Jemen & Libië
Jemen is al een tijdje een dominosteen die maar niet om wil vallen. Ik weet ook niet of dat omvallen wel zo wenselijk is, hoewel er natuurlijk een alternatief moet komen voor Ali Abdallah Saleh. Zodra in Jemen de centrale overheid wegvalt is het gevaar groot, dat het land uiteen valt in stammen. In Nederland zijn we niet erg vertrouwd met het verschijnsel “tribale cultuur” en dat maakt een discussie hierover lastig. Een voorbeeld is de sociale structuur in Afghanistan, een land dat niet alleen is opgedeeld in stammen en gebieden waar stammen heersen, maar ook in verschillende talen . Dit soort verticale structuren verdraagt zich slecht met een begrip van democratie dat een zekere horizontale gelaagdheid van sociale en financiële belangen veronderstelt. Verandering (ook drastisch) van binnenuit lijkt me dan meer een aangewezen weg.
Hetzelfde (een tribale structuur) is van toepassing op Libië dat nu in brand staat, maar dan iets minder acuut. Het belangrijkste verschil met Jemen is, dat alle Libiërs in gelijke mate belang hebben bij de olie-export waarop het land drijft en bij de infrastructuur die daarvoor nodig is en blijft. In feite heeft Qaddafi-junior (Sayf al-Islam) dat heel treffend toegelicht in zijn toespraak van eergisteren, hoewel ik denk, dat dat niet de bedoeling was. De toespraak van Mu’ammar al-Qaddafi moet tot in eeuwigheid worden bewaard als een treurig relict van domheid, zelfoverschatting en hersenloos gebral. Voor dat soort dingen geldt: fijn dat die er ook nog zijn, desnoods als afschrikwekkend voorbeeld. Intussen wordt de situatie in Libië zeer bedreigend voor de lokale bevolking en voor de expats die proberen weg te komen. Van de afloop valt niets te zeggen, uiteraard, maar de berichten die binnenkomen beloven niet veel goeds. We weten pas meer als de journalisten, die nu het land binnenkomen, hun waarnemingen kunnen doorgeven via de media.
25 Februari: Libië is een slachtpartij. Vooral in de omgeving van Tripoli wordt nog zwaar gevochten en er bestaat ongerustheid over het mogelijk inzetten van mosterdgas, hoewel het bewind de technische mogelijkheden ontbeert om dit gas “adequaat” te verspreiden. Het lijkt erop. Dat Qaddafi en de zijnen voor niets terugschrikken.
28 februari: In iets meer dan anderhalve maand tijd is de Arabische wereld ingrijpend veranderd. Natuurlijk is het interessant om te achterhalen hoe dat kon gebeuren. Maar minstens zo interessant is om te vragen waarom niemand dat voorzien had: deze veranderingen troffen de internationale regeringsleiders als een donderslag bij heldere hemel. Daardoor konden ze niet op de ontwikkelingen anticiperen, en het is goed mogelijk, dat de grote mogendheden veel invloed in het gebied hebben verloren.
Blinde vlekken
Wie hadden dat moeten voorzien? Politici en diplomaten op de eerste plaats, en dan vooral die, die er hun beroep van maken om internationale ontwikkelingen te voorzien. Wie nog meer? Nu wordt het gevoelig: sinds twee of drie decennia wordt het kennisgebied “Midden-Oosten” overvloedig bevolkt door sociale wetenschappers van diverse pluimage. De grootste gemene deler onder beide beroepsgroepen – politici en sociale wetenschappers – is gebrek aan kennis van de Arabische taal en de Arabische cultuur en geschiedenis. Waar ze wel goed in zijn is het herkennen en benoemen van sociale structuren. En daar ligt precies de zwakte van die beroepsgroepen: de structuren worden herkend naar en geïnterpreteerd als westerse patronen en modellen, terwijl het juist voor de Arabische wereld en andere stukken in de wereld van het grootste belang is, om aan dat soort patronen en structuren niet vast te zitten. Dat vergt een open, onbevangen blik, gebaseerd op inlevingsvermogen in de mensen om wie het gaat. En als ik die al ooit ergens heb aantroffen, dan was dat bij mensen van mijn eigen vak: Arabisten.
Een goed voorbeeld is de inschatting van het belang van “volksbewegingen” zoals in Egypte Kifaya en 6 April. Die inschatting pakt verkeerd uit, omdat deze groepen niet netjes geformeerd zijn langs grenzen van partijen en vakbonden met programma’s, zoals men graag wil, maar omdat ze hun legitimatie halen “van de straat”. In totalitaire staten met een decennia-lange geschiedenis van onderdrukking is een andere structuur ook niet mogelijk. Maar het heeft mij verbaasd hoe men ziende blind en horende doof heeft kunnen zijn voor wat er “op straat” gebeurt.
Dit stukje was nodig als inleiding op de toekomstige situatie in Libië. Al-Qaddâfî (om er dan maar eens een correcte spelling tegenaan te gooien) en de zijnen zullen hun macht verliezen en ze zullen blij mogen zijn als ze als martelaren het hazenpad kunnen kiezen. Maar wat dan? Wat in Jemen ook een rol speelt – maar wat in de media nog niet echt was doorgedrongen – is het feit, dat ook Libië gestructureerd is volgens lijnen van stammen. Nu wordt daar veelvuldig over geschreven. Zo’n tribale structuur en democratie verdragen elkaar slecht, dus dat wordt niks en gaat leiden tot een hoop frustratie. Er is wel een oplossing denkbaar, maar die zou juist gebaseerd moeten zijn op die tribale structuur en op het begrip “eer” (sharaf) dat daarmee samenhangt.
Ik wil hopen, dat het in een land als Libië lukt om een kleine centrale overheid op te zetten, die verantwoordelijk is voor de heffing van gelijke belastingen, een beperkt defensie-apparaat, een kleine instantie voor interne veiligheid en voor de buitenlandse politiek. Vervolgens kunnen gebieden als infrastructuur, onderwijs, sociale zaken etc. als “ministeries” worden toegekend aan verschillende stammen, die niet alleen de macht hebben over die deelgebieden, maar ook de verantwoordelijkheid en aansprakelijkheid, beide te controleren door een democratisch gekozen parlement. In zo’n structuur is een weg vol potholes of een gesprongen waterleiding een inbreuk op je eergevoel. Als een dergelijk experiment de tijd zou krijgen en zou slagen, dan zie ik het donker in voor de kleptocratische heersers in de rest van Afrika.
Gert Borg is universitair docent Islam en Arabisch aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen en voormalig directeur van het Nederlands-Vlaamse Instituut in Caïro