C L O S E R

The Diversity of Cham Muslims: Where Indian, Chinese, Arabic, and Malaysian cultures meet

Posted on November 29th, 2005 by .
Categories: Misc. News.

A nice informative story by Antonio Graceffo about Cham Muslims: The Diversity of Cham Muslims: Where Indian, Chinese, Arabic, and Malaysian cultures meet

Indochina is one of the culturally richest and most diverse locations on earth, as it is the place where Indian and Chinese cultures meet. But the Cham Muslims of Indochina are the pinnacle of diversity, as they represent the mixing of Indian, Chinese, Arabic, and Malaysian culture.

Ratanakirir Province is an unlikely location for the Cham Muslim minority, who often live on houseboats or in floating villages. Sixty-three year old Dun Lee Han, the leader of Ratanakiri’s Cham community explained how the 452 Cham families, who migrated from Kompong Cham province, began making a new life for themselves, as land-bound farmers. According to Dun Lee Han, the first Cham families arrived here ten years ago.

In lower Cambodia 70% of Cham make their living as fishermen. “The fishing just became too crowded.” He said.

Many Cham families were driven into poverty. Seeking a better life, Cham families began abandoning their traditional work, and taking advantage of the free land and fertile soil in Ratanakiri, to become cash crop farmers, growing cashews and soybeans.

Dun Lee Han, who had been a schoolteacher in Kompong Cham, was invited by the Cham community to come to the remote province and educate the Cham children. He now lives in a village of 120 Cham families, beside a large wooden mosque, which doubles as a school.

“Finally, we are building a new mosque.” He told me, proudly. The foundation for the brand new concrete structure had already been poured. “Unfortunately, it won’t be ready for the feast tomorrow.” He said sadly. Ramadan would be ending the next day, and all of the provinces 425 Cham families were expected at a grand celebration, to be held at the building site.

As a linguist, I have been particularly fascinated by the Cham. Their traditional language is an ancient derivation, originating from India. Historically, the Cham had their own writing system, which is still being used among Cham communities in Vietnam, but which has all but died out in Cambodia. Although the traditional written language used in the religion of Islam is Arabic, reforms, originating in Malaysia and Indonesia, the centers for Islamic learning in Eastern Asia, resulted in the widespread printing of Muslim texts in Malay language.

This means that a Cham Muslim student in Cambodia would be able to speak or read at least four languages Arabic, Cham, Khmer, and Malay. But the mathematics of linguistics is not so simple. The word Malay includes two separate writing systems and linguistic origins. There is Bahasa Malay, the language spoken in modern Malaysia. This language is similar to Bahasa Indonesia and the language spoken in Brunai. Bahasa utilises the Latin alphabet, and the majority of texts, which Dun Lee Han showed me were written in Bahasa Malay, with Latin script. I was also pleased to find a number of books, written in the Cham alphabet. Many reports I had read said that the Cham alphabet had completely died out in Cambodia. In fact, even the Muslim association in Phnom Penh had told me that the Cham had no writing system. But here it was a textbook, a school, and a teacher maintaining the ancient writing system, in a small village, in the middle of the jungle.

For me, it was like discovering the Rosetta stone. For not the first time on my voyage of discovery through Cambodia, I felt like Indiana Jones.

The word Malay could also mean the ancient Malay writing system, which to my untrained eye looked somewhat similar to the Indian based writing systems of Indochina, but with a strong influence from Arabic.

So, that means the Cham students were actually juggling five languages, with five alphabets. But we still aren’t finished.

Cambodian Cham don’t have a broad knowledge of the outside world. The Muslim networks of Eastern Asia are now forming, and connecting, supported by donations and teachings from both the Middle East and Malaysia. But, while Malaysian teachers and sponsors have visited the Cambodian Cham, not many Cambodians have been abroad. This further complicated my research, when I would ask Dun Lee Han specific questions about which languages and writing systems they were learning.

In both the Cham and Khmer languages, they often refer to the scholastic language of Chams as Jawei or Javei. This is the same word, which both cultures use for the island of Java, but also for the languages of Malaysia and Indonesia. For this reason, it was often very difficult to understand if the students were learning Bahasa or ancient Malaysian. Interestingly, Dun Lee Han didn’t seem to recognise the name Bahasa. He just kept repeating “Javei, Javei.”

To have students learning a language, but not knowing the origin, or even the proper name of the language raised a number of troubling questions. To what extent could the young, Cham students understand their Kranic lessons, or any other message brought to them by outside teachers? The Chams are an Islamic people surrounded by Buddhists and animists, isolated by both their language and their culture, even less of the global world is reaching Cham communities. Illiteracy rates are high among Chams, many of whom have little or no access toschools, living in floating villages. With the exception to those clustered around Phnom Penh, most Cham don’t have access to the internet or even TV.

In Muslim circles, throughout Asia, the Cambodian Cham have been viewed as either a cowboy Muslim sect, making their own rules, or as a long lost cousin, in need of education and aid. Cambodia’s Cham community is divided into a number of groups, each following their own separate version of Islam, which, understandably, varies greatly from standards in other countries. The more orthodox groups tend to pray several times per day, and keep as closely as they can to Koranic teachings. Others have maintained many of their animist beliefs, and pray only on Fridays. One group doesn’t even refer to themselves as Cham. They are called Khmer Islam. They have Khmer names and speak Khmer language. But they are Muslim. Further, according to my research, five percent of Cambodian Cham did not convert to Islam, and have retained their Hindu religion.

Abdul Hamid, an ancient Imam, sporting a grey beard, and dressed in a long white gown and head covering, explained the religious teachings in the Cham community.

“There are four kinds of Islam.” He began. “Sunni, Sofi, Maliki, Hambali, and Hamani. But we Cham don’t choose just one way. All ways lead to Allah.”

“Islam here is different from other places,” continued Abdul Hamid. “We don’t teach politics. We don’t want to kill anyone.”

Although I was always politely, even kindly, received by Muslims in South East Asia, I believe that on some level there was a certain distrust of Americans. With my close-cropped hair and big shoulders, there is often suspicion that I am a soldier or some type of government agent. As a result, when it comes to questions about religious doctrine, people often go way out of their way to convince me that they are not Jihadists or terrorists. As I am always grateful for the help the Muslim people give me in my research of language and culture, I am willing to tolerate the long dissertations on peace and anti-terror. I am particularly sympathetic of the Cham, who are a poor, simple people, who would be content to be left alone, in their fishing communities, untouched by the outside world.

“I can’t kill anyone.” Said Abdul Hamid, “Because I follow Islam. The people who are doing the killing are not obeying Islam. They use Islam to support their actions. Islam means being a good person, who doesn’t want to kill or have problems with anyone.”

I often have the feeling that the Cham see me as a microphone to the west. And they are anxious to get their message out to the world, “We don’t want to hurt anyone.”

Abdul Hamid, Dun Lee Han, and I were sitting in a small house on stilts, devoid of furnishings or possessions. Even with the movement from fishing to cash crops, the Cham were still terribly poor. Cambodia only reopened to the west in 1990. As recently as the 1970s, the area where we were sitting had been saturation bombed by the US. Within a period of less than five years, the area had also served as a battlefield for not one, but two invasions by Vietnam. During the Pol Pot era, entire villages of Cham were slaughtered.

Poor, defenceless, and historically victimized, the Cham have a right to fear the outside world. Cambodia on the whole has proven time and again that it was incapable of dealing with a modern world, and has typically had bad experiences with international relations. How much more unprepared must the Cham be to deal with the larger world? And, to what extent do they understand that they had become the unwitting pawns in a global chess game, with ten times the scope and social impact of the Cold War?

The new mosque was being built with funds provided by Muslim relief organizations from both Kuwait and Malaysia. Throughout Cambodia, a Kuwaiti NGO had been building modern bathrooms in Cham villages. Other countries, including Saudi Arabia and Turkey had been supporting schools and educational programs. A large Cham school, similar to a university, had opened in Phnom Penh. Those students who excelled in a course of studies, taught in Arabic, would be offered scholarships to study in the Middle East. Others, studying in Thai would be sent to Thailand. And still others, following a program of Bahasa, would be sent to Malaysia. All paid for by foreign governments.

Dun Lee Han was very happy, because this year, he would finally be making the Haj to Mecca, sponsored by a group in Kuwait. This would be his first travel to abroad. The fear, of course, in the west, was that these donations came with a price. Foreign influence and foreign ideas would be transplanted into the Cham community, perhaps teaching a more fundamentalist brand of Islam, or even advocating terror.

From what I could gather, these fears were shared by the Cham, who, because of their desperate financial situation, had no choice but to accept the aid.

This visit to the Cham headman was the final stage in my quest to discover and understand the Khmers. In fact, a glance at my watch said that I was scheduled to fly back to Phnom Penh in less than an hour. After that, I would travel onto Hong Kong to file my stories, and then back to New York to meet my publisher.

Although they probably wouldn’t or couldn’t express it in words, the Cham seemed to know that they had become an “ism.” For outsiders, they had ceased to be individuals. And, their Muslim dress and culture symbolized an unpopular religion, associated with violence. At the same time, I had become a symbol of the warlike policies of the American government.

But for me, at least, by the end of the interview, we weren’t isms, we were Abdul Hamid, Dun Lee Han, and Antonio Graceffo, three men, who met, to share their culture and who didn’t wish harm on anyone.

0 comments.

BBC NEWS | UK | UK suicide bomber family cleared

Posted on November 29th, 2005 by martijn.
Categories: International Terrorism.

BBC NEWS | UK | UK suicide bomber family cleared

The relatives of a would-be suicide bomber have been cleared of failing to disclose information about terrorism.

An Old Bailey jury decided the brother and sister of Omar Sharif had not known of his plan to attack an Israeli bar and could not have prevented it.

His sister Parveen Sharif, a teacher, was also cleared of inciting her brother to commit a terrorist act.

The body of Sharif, 27, of Derby, was found 12 days after he fled the scene. An accomplice’s bomb killed three.

Asif Hanif, 21, a student from London, died when he blew himself up outside a popular bar in Tel Aviv in April 2003. The explosion at Mike’s Place killed three people and injured more than 50.

Emails in full
(more…)

0 comments.

BBC NEWS | UK | UK suicide bomber family cleared

Posted on November 29th, 2005 by .
Categories: International Terrorism.

BBC NEWS | UK | UK suicide bomber family cleared

The relatives of a would-be suicide bomber have been cleared of failing to disclose information about terrorism.

An Old Bailey jury decided the brother and sister of Omar Sharif had not known of his plan to attack an Israeli bar and could not have prevented it.

His sister Parveen Sharif, a teacher, was also cleared of inciting her brother to commit a terrorist act.

The body of Sharif, 27, of Derby, was found 12 days after he fled the scene. An accomplice’s bomb killed three.

Asif Hanif, 21, a student from London, died when he blew himself up outside a popular bar in Tel Aviv in April 2003. The explosion at Mike’s Place killed three people and injured more than 50.

Emails in full
(more…)

0 comments.

Hajj Manuals

Posted on November 29th, 2005 by .
Categories: Islamnews.

Let’s provide some service through About.com: Hajj Manuals

If you plan on traveling for Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) in the near future, these books and multimedia presentations are handy guides. The rituals of Hajj are complex, the schedule very demanding, and easy-to-read guides in English difficult to find. We’ve done the searching for you — here are our picks for the best Hajj manuals in English.

0 comments.

Arre moede

Posted on November 29th, 2005 by .
Categories: Misc. News.

Armoede toegenomen, daling verwacht in 2006 – SCP

Armoede toegenomen, daling verwacht in 2006, dat is zeg maar de conclusie van de armoedemonitor 2005.

De Volkskrant geeft behoorlijke gedetailleerde cijfers.

Armoede treft steeds meer gezinnen met kinderen, blijkt uit de monitor. Een op de acht Nederlandse kinderen groeit op in een gezin met een laag inkomen. Het gaat in totaal om 430 duizend kinderen onder de 18 jaar.

Niet-westerse allochtone Nederlanders hebben van oudsher vaker een laag inkomen dan andere Nederlanders. Hoewel de verschillen kleiner worden, is het aandeel lage inkomens bij Turken, Marokkanen en Antillianen nog steeds vier keer zo hoog. Veel zelfstandig werkende allochtonen, zoals kleine winkeliers, hebben een laag tot zeer laag inkomen.

De situatie is het minst rooskleurig onder allochtonen, met dien verstande dat dit wel verbeterd naarmate men langer hier blijft. Onder andere onder Turken en vooral onder Marokkanen is de verbetering zichtbaar. Onder ouderen is dit juist weer niet het geval.

Allochtone Nederlanders hebben altijd een gemiddeld lager inkomen gehad dan geboren Nederlanders. Dit verschil wordt kleiner, maar is nog altijd groot. Vijf jaar geleden had 33 procent procent van de niet-westerse allochtonen een inkomen onder of rond het sociaal minimum. Nu is dat 29 procent. Bij autochtone Nederlanders was het 8 procent. Dat percentage bleef gelijk.

Surinamers doen het relatief goed. Minder dan een kwart van die huishoudens heeft nu een laag inkomen. Onder Marokkanen is het 33 procent, maar dat is 5 procent beter dan vijf jaar geleden. Ook bij Turken en Antillianen nam het aandeel arme huishoudens met enkele procentpunten af.

De inkomenspositie van allochtone ouderen is slecht. Terwijl het de Nederlandse 65-plussers financieel steeds beter gaat, gebeurt bij de allochtone ouderen het omgekeerde. Veel van hen waren al voor hun pensioen arbeidsongeschikt waardoor ze geen aanvullend pensioen hebben opgebouwd. Ook krijgen velen een onvolledige AOW omdat ze geen veertig jaar in Nederland hebben gewoond.

Gemiddeld bedraagt het inkomen van niet-westerse allochtonen bijna 17 duizend euro per jaar. Voor autochtone Nederlanders is dat gemiddeld 22 duizend euro. Surinamers doen het, met gemiddeld 19 duizend euro per jaar, onder allochtonen het best.

Er wordt wisselend gedacht over de groeiende armoede, zeker als die zich langs etnische lijnen gaat manifesteren, zo blijkt uit de NRC:

De kloof tussen arm en rijk, en daarmee veelal allochtoon en autochtoon, wordt groter in Nederland.

De verschillende groepen trekken zich steeds meer terug in hun eigen scholen, opereren op een eigen deel van de arbeidsmarkt, wonen in hun eigen straten en bewegen zich binnen hun eigen sociale netwerken. Als de onderklasse blijft trouwen met een partner uit de ‘eigen groep’ worden achterstanden doorgegeven aan de volgende generatie. Zo duurt het nog lang voordat de integratie kan vorderen, zegt Latten

aar niet iedereen is zo somber als Latten. Helga de Valk bijvoorbeeld, onderzoekster bij het Nederlands Interdisciplinair Demografisch Instituut (NIDI), denkt dat het opleidingsniveau onder allochtone jongeren sneller verbetert dan Latten denkt. En scholing is een belangrijke motor voor integratie, zegt zij.

,,Latten betrekt in zijn analyse de hele allochtone groep, van 25 tot 65”, zegt De Valk. ,,En op grond daarvan zegt hij dat hij amper vooruitgang in scholing ziet met de vorige generatie. Het lijkt mij dat als je de jongere generatie van 12 tot 24 vergelijkt met de oudere, je wel degelijk een grote vooruitgang ziet. Ik zie nu al een grote sprong in opleidingsniveau van de eerste naar de tweede generatie allochtonen. Ik kan geen enkele reden bedenken waarom die trend zich niet zal voortzetten in de derde generatie.”

Volgens haar is het bovendien nog maar de vraag of het trouwen binnen de eigen groep doorzet, en dat zo dus achterstanden worden doorgegeven. ,,We zien bijvoorbeeld nu al dat het aantal importhuwelijken afneemt.” Een ontwikkeling die ook Jaco Dagevos van het Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau positief noemt, ,,omdat een daling van het aantal huwelijksmigranten positief uitwerkt op de integratie van groepen. Datzelfde hebben we gezien bij Surinamers.”

Tegelijkertijd ziet het NIDI ook steeds meer allochtone jongeren die trouwen uitstellen en langer doorleren, ook een verandering in attitude die integratie zal vergemakkelijken. Jonge allochtonen ambiëren ook veelal een lager kindertal dan hun ouders, zegt De Valk. Ook zijn de opvattingen van Marokkaanse jongens over de verdeling van taken binnen een huishouden ,,verbazingwekkend modern. Moderner dan die van veel autochtone jongens en Turkse jongens, die veelal het kostwinnersmodel als ideaal zien.” Uit onderzoek van het NIDI blijkt bovendien dat de meerderheid, ook van de Marokkaanse jongens, ongehuwd zou willen samenwonen. ,,Je moet je afvragen of ze dat dan ook straks gaan doen, maar hoe ze erover praten is in ieder geval al een trendbreuk te noemen.”

Maar je kan het ook omdraaien, zegt prof. dr. Justus Veenman, hoogleraar Economische Sociologie aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam. Helpt trouwen buiten de eigen bevolkingsgroep écht bij integratie?

Maar ook op andere gebied vindt Veenman de conclusies van Latten dat de segregatie steeds verder voortschrijdt, te ver gaan. Inderdaad is het zo dat de inkomensongelijkheid in Nederland is toegenomen, zoals Latten signaleert, zegt Veenman. Maar dat komt niet vooral door trouwen binnen de eigen groep, maar doordat de witte elite meer is gaan verdienen, onder andere omdat er meer tweeverdieners zijn gekomen. Maar het komt ook doordat er bezuinigd is op de sociale zekerheid en door het steeds verder loslaten van wat ooit geleide loonpolitiek was in Nederland.

Bovendien, zo zegt Veenman, ,,de arbeidersklasse is enorm afgenomen, die omvat nog maar 8 procent van de bevolking en krimpt verder. En kijk ook eens naar de dynamiek binnen de onderklasse, zegt Veenman. Het is waar dat een kwart van de Nederlandse bevolking een keer op 95 procent van het sociaal minimum terechtkomt. ,,Dat is een grote groep”, zegt Veenman. ,,Maar negentig procent daarvan weet daar binnen twee jaar uit te komen. De meerderheid weet dus relatief snel aan achterstand te ontsnappen.”

De arme klasse krijgt meer en meer een woning ‘toegewezen’, helaas toch vaak in wijken bij elkaar”, zegt hij. ,,De woonsegregatie heeft de sociale segregatie bevorderd, zo blijkt uit ons onderzoek”, zegt Jaco Dagevos van het Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

Dagevos ziet verder, net als Latten, vooruitgang van de onderklasse op de arbeidsmarkt slechts met ,,horten en stoten tot stand komen”. Er is echter ook een andere kant, zo stelt Dagevos. ,,Behalve achterstand zie je veel allochtonen in snel tempo integreren. De doorstroom naar het hoger onderwijs, en dan met name het hbo is spectaculair. Maar tegelijkertijd zie je in het onderwijs ook nog steeds een grote achterstand bij jongeren, blijkend onder andere uit een hoge drop-out. Op de arbeidsmarkt zie je hetzelfde. De allochtone middenklasse groeit, terwijl aan de andere kant de conjunctuur allochtonen zwaar treft. Kijk maar naar de snel gestegen werkloosheid en dan met name bij de jongeren. En dan hebben we het over de criminaliteit nog niet gehad”, zegt onderzoeker Dagevos.

Als ik het dan toch kort moet samenvatten mbt tot Marokkanen:
1) De groep die arm is wordt minder
2) Dit geldt niet voor ouderen
3) De jongeren zijn het eerste de dupe van de economische crisis (tegelijkertijd met vrouwen waarschijnlijk)
4) Er ontstaat een middenklasse.

Met andere woorden behoorlijke positieve ontwikkelingen en behoorlijke negatieve ontwikkelen. Een groep die zeg maar behoorlijk aan het gisten is.

0 comments.

Bloggers of the world: Be Careful what you blog! – E:M | Goodbye to America

Posted on November 29th, 2005 by martijn.
Categories: Misc. News.

E:M | Goodbye to America

But when they realized I was going to the States to speak at a blog-related conference (ConvergeSouth) they googled my name right in front of me. Two of them, actually.

They carefully scanned the results and found this English blog. One of them, a very sharp guy in fact, started to read every single post on my blog. And it didn’t take long until he shocked me: “So you live in New York, right? That’s what you’ve written in your on blog.”

He was ecstatic. My blog made his day, or in this case, his night. He kept reading my posts and asking questions about a lot of them: Why did I go to Iran, what are my feelings about Bush administration, why I separated from my wife, what did think about Iranian politics, etc.

Sarcastically, I’d reminded everyone not to be surprised if, while in detention in Iran, I confessed about some absurd wrongdoings form the Islamic regime’s point of view, such as: getting money from the CIA, trafficking illegal drugs, dating Natalie Portman and Kiera Knightly, etc.

“So you are getting money for the Bush administration,” the officer asked. I was speechless. “Come on! This is a joke. Read the whole thing and put it in a context.” Fortunately the guy was a smart man and realized the sarcasm. However he said these things are not quite appropriate to be on your blog when you are at the border. He was right.
But later, when he had still doubt about letting me in or not, he found the latest issue of Newsweek in my small suitcase on which I had my NYC address. There were many others with my Toronto address, but that single was enough to convince him about my situation. I didn’t challenge him again. God, I wish I were a lawyer. I could’ve said this magazine is important for me and I didn’t want to miss a single issue of it by being away from home.

So then he took me to another room and spent about two hours writing a report and registering and documenting my refusal of entry.

Now the result is that, apparently, I can’t visit the States at least for six months and even after that I should prove I’m established enough in Canada. I also have to explain why I failed to register my departure when the bus driver didn’t stop while crossing the US border to Canada.

0 comments.

Bloggers of the world: Be Careful what you blog! – E:M | Goodbye to America

Posted on November 29th, 2005 by .
Categories: Misc. News.

E:M | Goodbye to America

But when they realized I was going to the States to speak at a blog-related conference (ConvergeSouth) they googled my name right in front of me. Two of them, actually.

They carefully scanned the results and found this English blog. One of them, a very sharp guy in fact, started to read every single post on my blog. And it didn’t take long until he shocked me: “So you live in New York, right? That’s what you’ve written in your on blog.”

He was ecstatic. My blog made his day, or in this case, his night. He kept reading my posts and asking questions about a lot of them: Why did I go to Iran, what are my feelings about Bush administration, why I separated from my wife, what did think about Iranian politics, etc.

Sarcastically, I’d reminded everyone not to be surprised if, while in detention in Iran, I confessed about some absurd wrongdoings form the Islamic regime’s point of view, such as: getting money from the CIA, trafficking illegal drugs, dating Natalie Portman and Kiera Knightly, etc.

“So you are getting money for the Bush administration,” the officer asked. I was speechless. “Come on! This is a joke. Read the whole thing and put it in a context.” Fortunately the guy was a smart man and realized the sarcasm. However he said these things are not quite appropriate to be on your blog when you are at the border. He was right.
But later, when he had still doubt about letting me in or not, he found the latest issue of Newsweek in my small suitcase on which I had my NYC address. There were many others with my Toronto address, but that single was enough to convince him about my situation. I didn’t challenge him again. God, I wish I were a lawyer. I could’ve said this magazine is important for me and I didn’t want to miss a single issue of it by being away from home.

So then he took me to another room and spent about two hours writing a report and registering and documenting my refusal of entry.

Now the result is that, apparently, I can’t visit the States at least for six months and even after that I should prove I’m established enough in Canada. I also have to explain why I failed to register my departure when the bus driver didn’t stop while crossing the US border to Canada.

0 comments.

Islam & Dread Locks: Islamicly Locked

Posted on November 29th, 2005 by martijn.
Categories: Misc. News.

Islamicly Locked

Intro to being “Islamicly Locked”

This site is about dread locks with in an Islamic context. I have included not only the Islamic history of dread locks among certain Muslim groups but the halal (Islamicaly correct) maintenance of dread locks. As this is an Islamic based site, Islamic materials i.e. information will be included as it pertains to certain subjects contained within.

My point in stating the above is to stress the fact that although there are many methods which can be under taken when it comes to locking ones hair, the methods entailed on this site will only entail the Islamic aspect of this process. If the reader is not Muslim but is interested in locking by all means please continue to view this site as this will also contain very valuable information and glimpse into the Islamic faith.

0 comments.

Islam & Dread Locks: Islamicly Locked

Posted on November 29th, 2005 by .
Categories: Misc. News.

Islamicly Locked

Intro to being “Islamicly Locked”

This site is about dread locks with in an Islamic context. I have included not only the Islamic history of dread locks among certain Muslim groups but the halal (Islamicaly correct) maintenance of dread locks. As this is an Islamic based site, Islamic materials i.e. information will be included as it pertains to certain subjects contained within.

My point in stating the above is to stress the fact that although there are many methods which can be under taken when it comes to locking ones hair, the methods entailed on this site will only entail the Islamic aspect of this process. If the reader is not Muslim but is interested in locking by all means please continue to view this site as this will also contain very valuable information and glimpse into the Islamic faith.

0 comments.

Protected: de Volkskrant – Light-versie Hofstadgroep

Posted on November 29th, 2005 by martijn.
Categories: Murder on theo Van Gogh and related issues, Religious and Political Radicalization, Young Muslims.

Enter your password to view comments.